# Lavorare con i file

Questo capitolo descrive l'uso del file manager Nautilus,

## Introduzione

### Funzionalità del file manager

Il file manager Nautilus offre un modo semplice e integrato di gestione dei propri file e applicazioni. È possibile usare il file managere per compiere quanto segue:

- Creare cartelle e documento

- Visualizzare i propri file e cartelle

- Ricercare e gestire i propri file

- Eseguire script e avviare applicazioni

- Personalizzare l'aspetto di file e cartelle

- Aprire posizioni speciali sul proprio computer

- Scrivere dati su un CD o DVD

- Installare e rimuovere tipi di carattere

Il file manager consente di organizzare i propri file in cartelle. Le cartelle possono contenere dei file così come altre cartelle. L'utilizzo delle cartelle consente di trovare i propri file con più facilità.

Anche la scrivania viene gestita da Nautilus. La scrivania è posta al di sotto di tutti gli altri elementi visibili sullo schermo. La scrivania è un componente attivo nel tipico uso del proprio computer.

Ogni utente possiede una cartella home. La cartella home contiene tutti i file dell'utente. La scrivania è un'altra cartella; essa contiene delle icone speciali che consentono un accesso semplificato alla cartella home, al cestino e anche a supporti rimovibili come dischi floppy, CD e unità flash USB.

Durante l'utilizzo di GNOME, Nautilus è sempre in esecuzione. Per aprire una nuova finestra di Nautilus, fare doppio clic su un'icona opportuna sulla scrivainia, come ad esempio Home o Computer, oppure scegliere una voce dal menù Risorse sul pannello superiore.

In GNOME, molti oggetti sono considerati file, ad esempio documenti di word processor, fogli di calcolo, foto, i filmati e musica.

### Presentazione del file manager

Con Nautilus sono disponibili due modi di interazione con il file system: la modalità spaziale e quella di navigazione. Una volta scelto il proprio metodo preferito è possibile impostare Nautilus in modo da usarlo sempre in modo predefinito, selezionando (o deselezionando) Aprire sempre in finestre di esplorazione nella scheda Comportamento del dialogo di preferenze di Nautilus.

La modalità spaziale è qualla predefinita in GNOME; è comunque possibile che il proprio distributore, fornitore o amministratore di sistema abbia configurato Nautilus in modo da usare come predefinita quella di esplorazione.

Qui di seguito sono spiegate le differenze tra le due modalità:

Modalità di esplorazione: per navigare tra file e cartelle

  La finestra del file manager è come quella di un browser, che può visualizzare una qualsiasi posizione. Aprendo una cartella, viene aggiornata la finestra in uso del file manager, in modo da mostrare il contenuto della nuova cartella.

  Accanto al contenuto della cartella, la finestra di esplorazione mostra una barra degli strumenti con posizioni e azioni comuni, una barra della posizione che mostra la posizione corrente nella gerarchia dello cartelle e un riquadro laterale che può contenere diversi tipi di informazione.

  Tipicamente, nella modalità di esplorazione, rimangono contemporaneamente aperte un numero minore di finestre. Per maggiori informazioni sull'uso della modalità di esplorazione, consultare .

  #### Nautilus in modalità di esplorazione.

  Nautilus in modalità di esplorazione.
Modalità spaziale: per spostarsi tra file e cartelle come oggetti

  La finestra del file manager rappresenta una particolare cartella. Aprendo una cartella, viene aperta una nuova finestra per quella cartella. Ogni volta che si apre una certa cartella, la sua finestra viene mostrata nella stessa posizione sullo schermo e con le stesse dimensioni dell'ultima volta (per tale motivo viene indicata come "modalità spaziale").

  Usando la modalità spaziale, potrebbero risultare aperte sullo schermo molte più finestre del file manager. D'altro canto, alcuni utenti trovano che rappresentare file e cartelle come se fossero oggetti fisici con una particolare posizione renda più semplice operare con essi. Per maggiori informazioni sull'uso della modalità spazione, consultare .

  #### Tre cartelle aperte nella modalità spaziale.

  Tre cartelle aperte nella modalità spaziale.

  Notare come, quando in modalità spaziale, una cartella aperta viene indicata da Nautilus con un'icona differente.

## Modalità spaziale

La seguente sezione descrive come esplorare il proprio sistema usando il file manager Nautilus quando questo è configurato in modalità spaziale. Nella modalità spaziale ciascuna finestra di Nautilus corrisponde a una singola cartella. Quando si apre una cartella, la sua finestra appare nella stessa posizione dello schermo in cui era posta l'ultima volta. Questo è il comportamento predefinito di Nautilus.

Per un confronto tra la modalità di esplorazione e quella spaziale, consultare .

### Finestre spaziali

Una nuova finestra spaziale si apre ogni volta che viene aperta una cartella. Per aprire una cartell, eseguire una delle seguenti azioni:

- Fare doppio clic sull'icona della cartella nella scrivania o in una finestra esistente

- Selezionare la cartella, poi premere CtrlO.

- Selezionare la cartella, poi premere Altfreccia giù

- Scegliere una voce dal menù Risorse sul pannello superiore. Qui sono elencate la propria cartella home e le cartelle che si è aggiunte ai segnalibri. Per maggiori informazioni sui segnalibri, consultare .

Per chiudere la cartella corrente mentre se ne apre una nuova, tenere premuto il tasto Maiusc mentre si fa doppio clic, oppure premere MaiuscAltfreccia giù.

In è mostrata una finestra in modalità spaziale che mostra il contenuto della cartella Computer.

#### Contenuto di una cartella in modalità spaziale.

Mostra una cartella in modalitò spaziale.

Nella modalità spaziale, ciascuna finestra di Nautilus aperta mostra solo una posizione. Selezionando una seconda posizione, viene aperta una seconda finestra di Nautilus. Per ciascuna posizione viene memorizzato il precedente posizionamento sullo schermo; ciò dovrebbe rendere semplice il riconoscimento delle cartelle quando se ne hanno molte aperte contemporaneamente.

Alcune persone considerano la modalità spaziale migliore, specie per lo spostamento di file e cartelle in diverse posizioni, per altri invece è problematico il fatto di aver molte finestre aperte. In è mostrato un esempio di esplorazione spaziale con molte posizioni aperte.

#### Tre cartelle aperte nella modalità spaziale.

Tre cartelle aperte nella modalità spaziale.

Poichè la modalità spaziale potrebbe riempire lo schermo con finestre di Nautilus, è importante essere capaci di riposizionarle in modo vantaggioso. Mantenendo premuto il tasto Alt e facendo clic in un punto qualsiasi all'interno di una finestra di Nautilus, è possibile riposizionare tale finestra in modo più semplice che non dovendo trascinarla per la sua barra del titolo.

### Componenti della finestra spaziale

In sono descritti i componenti di una finestra file oggetto.

#### I componenti della finestra spaziale

Componente | Descrizione
--- | ---

Barra dei menù

Contiene i menù usate per compiere azioni nel file manager.

È anche possibile inoltre aprire un menù a comparsa dalla finestra del file manager. Per aprire questo menù a compara, fare clic col tasto destro in una finestra del file manager. Gli elementi il questo menù dipendono dalla posizione in cui si fa clic. Ad esempio, quando si fa clic col tasto destro su un file o una cartella, è possibile scegliere tra delle voci relative al file o alla cartella; quando invece si fa clic col tasto destro sullo sfondo del riquadro di visualizzazione, è possibile scegliere tra le voci relative alla visualizzazione degli oggetti in tale riquadro.

Riquadro di visualizzazione

Mostra il contenuto di uno dei seguenti:

- Cartelle

- Siti FTP

- Condivisioni Windows

- Server WebDAV

- Posizioni che corrispondono a URI speciali

Barra di stato | Mostra informazioni sullo stato.
Selettore cartella genitore | Questo elenco a discesa mostra la gerarchia della cartella. Scegliere una cartella dall'elenco per aprirla. Mantenere premuto il tasto Maiusc mentre si sceglie dall'elenco per chiudere la cartella corrente mentre si apre quella nuova.

### Visualizzazione della cartella home in una finestra spaziale

Per visualizzare la propria cartella home, compiere una delle seguenti azioni:

- Fare doppio clic sull'oggetto Home sulla scrivania.

- Dalla barra dei menù di una finestra di cartella, scegliere Risorse Home.

- Dalla barra dei menù del pannello superiore, scegliere Risorse Cartella Home.

La finestra spaziale mostra il contenuto della propria cartella home.

### Visualizzazione di una cartella genitore

Una cartella genitore è la cartella che contiene la cartella corrente. Per visualizzare il contenuto dell'attuale cartella genitore, eseguire una delle seguenti azioni:

- Scegliere File Apri genitore.

- Premere Altfreccia su.

- Scegliere dal selettore cartella genitore all'angolo inferiore sinistro della finestra.

Per chiudere la cartella corrente mentre si apre il genitore, tenere premuto il tasto Maiusc mentre si sceglie dal selettore cartella genitore oppure premere MaiuscAltfreccia su.

### Chiusura di cartelle

Per chiudere le cartelle, basta semplicemente fare clic sul pulsante chiudi finestra, sebbene questo non sia il modo più efficiente quando si debbono chiudere molte finestre. Se si desidera visualizzare solo la cartella corrente e non quelle aperte per raggiungerla, scegliereFile Chiudi cartelle superiori. Se si vuole chiudere tutte le cartelle sullo schermo, scegliere File Chiudi tutte le cartelle.

### Visualizzare una cartella in una finestra di esplorazione

Se si rende necessario mostrare una singola cartella in modalità di esplorazione, mantenendo comunque operativa la modalità spaziale, procedere come segue:

1. Selezionare una cartella nella modalità spaziale.

2. Scegliere File Esplora cartella.

### Apertura di una posizione

Nella modalità spaziale, è possibile aprire una cartella o un'altra posizione digitandone il nome.

Scegliere L File Apri posizione,quindi digitare il percorso o l'URI della posizione che si desidera aprire.

## Browser Mode

The following section describes how to browse your system using the Nautilus file manager when configured in browser mode. In browser mode, opening a folder updates the current file manager to show the contents of the new folder.

Per un confronto tra la modalità di esplorazione e quella spaziale, consultare .

### The File Browser Window

You can access the file browser in the following ways:

- Choose Applications System ToolsFile Browser.

- While in spatial mode you may open a folder in browser mode by right clicking on that folder and selecting Browse Folder. A new file browser window will then open and display the contents of the selected folder in the view pane.

- If nautilus is set to always open browser windows, double clicking any folder will open a browser window, see .

#### Contents of a Folder in a File Browser Window

A folder in a file browser window.

In some distributions of the GNOME Desktop, the Home toolbar button might have another designation, for example, Documents.

#### The File Browser Window Components

describes the components of a file browser window.

##### File Browser Window Components

Componente | Descrizione
--- | ---

Barra dei menù

Contiene i menù usate per compiere azioni nel file manager.

È anche possibile inoltre aprire un menù a comparsa dalla finestra del file manager. Per aprire questo menù a compara, fare clic col tasto destro in una finestra del file manager. Gli elementi il questo menù dipendono dalla posizione in cui si fa clic. Ad esempio, quando si fa clic col tasto destro su un file o una cartella, è possibile scegliere tra delle voci relative al file o alla cartella; quando invece si fa clic col tasto destro sullo sfondo del riquadro di visualizzazione, è possibile scegliere tra le voci relative alla visualizzazione degli oggetti in tale riquadro.

Barra degli strumenti

Contains buttons that you use to perform tasks in the file manager.

- Back Returns to the previously visited location. The adjacent drop down list also contains a list of the most recently visited locations to allow you to return to them faster.

- Forward Performs the opposite function to the Back toolbar item. If you have previously navigated back in time then this button returns you to the present.

- Up Moves up one level to the parent of the current folder.

- Reload Refreshes the contents of the current folder.

- Home Opens your Home Folder.

- Computer Opens your Computer folder.

- Search Opens the search bar.

Location bar

The location bar is a very powerful tool for navigating your computer. It can appear in three different ways depending on your selection. For more on using the location bar see . In all three configurations the location bar always contains the following items.

- Zoom buttons: Enable you to change the size of items in the view pane.

- View as drop-down list: Enables you to choose how to show items in your view pane.

Side pane

Performs the following functions:

- Shows information about the current file or folder.

- Enables you to navigate through your files.

To display the side pane, choose View Side Pane. The side pane contains a drop-down list that enables you to choose what to show in the side pane. You can choose from the following options:

- Places

  Displays places of particular interest.

- Information

  Displays the icon and information about the current folder. Buttons may appear in the side pane, these buttons enable you to perform actions on the current folder, other than the default action.

- Tree

  Displays a hierarchical representation of your file system. You can use the Tree to navigate through your files.

- History

  Contains a history list of files, folders, FTP sites, and URIs that you have recently visited.

- Notes

  Enables you to add notes to your files and folders.

- Emblems

  Contains emblems that you can add to a file or folder.

To close the side pane, click on the X button at the top right of the side pane.

Riquadro di visualizzazione

Mostra il contenuto di uno dei seguenti:

- Cartelle

- Siti FTP

- Condivisioni Windows

- Server WebDAV

- Posizioni che corrispondono a URI speciali

Barra di stato | Mostra informazioni sullo stato.

### Showing and Hiding File Browser Window Components

To show or hide any of the components of the file browser described in select any of the following items from the menu:

- To hide the side pane, choose View Side Pane. To display the side pane again, choose View Side Pane again. Alternatively you may press F9 to toggle the visibility of the side pane.

- To hide the toolbar, choose View Main Toolbar. To display the toolbar again, choose View Main Toolbar again.

- To hide the location bar, choose View Location Bar. To display the location bar again, choose View Location Bar again.

- To hide the statusbar, choose View Statusbar. To display the statusbar again, choose View Statusbar again.

### Using the Location Bar

Depending on your selection, the location bar can show either a location field, a button bar, or a search field. Each is useful in different situations and as you become experienced working with the Nautilus file manager you will become proficient at switching between them.

- Location field

  By pressing CtrlL or Leading Slash (/) or choosing Go Location the Location : field will appear and allow you to type the location you wish to browse to manually. To make the location field disappear hit the Esc key. The location field is particularly useful for jumping to a known folder very quickly.

  #### The location bar.

  The location bar.

- Button bar

  By default the button bar is shown. Each button represents a folder, by clicking on them you can change your location. You can also drag buttons, for example to another location, in order to copy a folder. The button bar is excellent for jumping quickly between frequently accessed folders.

  #### The button bar.

  The button bar.

- Search bar

  By pressing CtrlF or selecting the Search toolbar button the search bar appears. For more information on searching see . The search bar is excellent for locating files of folders when you are not sure of their exact location.

  #### The button bar.

  The search bar.

If you prefer the location field over the button bar you can choose for this to be shown by default. See for instructions on how to do this.

### Displaying Your Home Folder

To quickly display your Home Folder, perform one of the following actions from a file browser window:

- Choose Go Home.

- Click on the Home toolbar button.

- Click on the Home button in the Places side pane.

The file browser window displays the contents of your Home Folder.

### Displaying a Folder

The contents of a folder can be displayed in either list or icon view by selecting the appropriate item in the location bar View as menu. For more information on the list and icon view see

- Double-click on the folder in the view pane.

- Use the Tree in the side pane. For more information, see .

- Click on the Location buttons in the location bar.

- Press CtrlL to show the text Location field, type the path of the folder that you want to display, then press Return. The Location field includes an autocomplete feature. As you type a path, the file manager reads your file system. When you type enough characters to uniquely identify a directory, the file manager completes the name of the directory in the Location field.

- Use the Back toolbar button and the Forward toolbar button to browse through your navigation history.

To change to the folder that is one level above the current folder, choose Go Up. Alternatively, click on the Up toolbar button.

### Visualizzazione di una cartella genitore

The parent folder of the current folder which you are browsing is the one which exists, in a hierarchical representation, one level above the current. To display the contents of parent folder, perform one of the following steps:

- Press the Up button on the toolbar.

- Choose Go Open Parent from the menubar.

- Press the Backspace key.

### Using the Tree From the Side Pane

The Tree view is one of the most useful features of the side pane. It displays a hierarchical representation of your file system and provides a convenient way to browse and to navigate your file system. To display the Tree in the side pane, choose Tree from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane.

In the Treeview, open folders are represented as downwards facing arrows.

describes tasks you can perform with the Tree, and how to do so.

#### Tree Tasks

Operazione | Azione
--- | ---
Open the Tree. | Choose Tree from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane.
Close the Tree. | Choose another item from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane.
Expand a folder in the Tree. | Click on the arrow next to the folder in the Tree.
Collapse a folder in the Tree. | Click on the arrow next to the folder in the Tree.
Display the contents of a folder in the view pane. | Select the folder in the Tree.
Open a file. | Select the file in the Tree.

You can set your preferences so that the Tree does not display files. For more information, see .

### Using Your Navigation History

The file browser window maintains a history list of files, folders, FTP sites, and URI locations you have recently visited. You can use the history list to navigate to quickly return to these places. Your history list contains the last ten items that you viewed.

To clear your history list choose Go Clear History.

#### Navigating Your History List Using the Go Menu

To display a list of previously-viewed items, choose the Go menu. Your history list is displayed in the lower part of the Go menu. To open an item in your history list, simply click on the item.

#### Navigating Your History List Using the Toolbar

To use the toolbar to navigate your history list, perform one of the following actions:

- To open the folder or URI in your history list, click on the Back toolbar button.

- To open the folder or URI in your history list, click on the Forward toolbar button.

- To display a list of previously-viewed items, click on the down arrow to the right of the Back toolbar button. To open an item from this list, click on the item.

- To display a list of items that you viewed after you viewed the current item, click on the down arrow to the right of the Forward toolbar button. To open an item from this list, click on the item.

#### Navigating Your History List Using History in the Side Pane

To display the History list in the side pane, choose History from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane. The History list in the side pane displays a list of your previously-viewed items.

To display an item from your history list in the view pane, double-click on the item in the History list.

## Opening Files

When you open a file, the file manager performs the default action for that file type.

For example, opening a music file will play it with the default music playing application, opening a text file will allow you to read and edit it in a text editor, and opening an image file will display the image.

The file manager checks the contents of a file to determine the type of a file. If the first lines do not determine the type of the file, then the file manager checks the file extension.

If you open an executable text file, that is, one that Nautilus considers can be run as a program, then you will be asked what you want to do: run it, or display it in a text editor. You can modify this behaviour in the File Management preferences.

### Executing the Default Action

To execute the default action for a file, double-click on the file. For example, the default action for plain text documents is to display the file in a text viewer. In this case, you can double-click on the file to display the file in a text viewer.

You can set your file manager preferences so that you click once on a file to execute the default action. For more information, see .

### Executing Non-Default Actions

To execute actions other than the default action for a file, select the file that you want to perform an action on. In the File menu you will either have "Open with" choices, or an Open With submenu. Select the desired option from this list.

### Adding Actions

To add actions associated with a file type, perform the following steps:

1. In the view pane, select a file of the type to which you want to add an action.

2. Scegliere File Apri con altra applicazione.

3. Either choose an application in the open with dialog or browse to the program with which you wish to open this type.

The action you have chosen is now added to the list of actions for that particular file type. If there was no prior action associated with the type, the newly added action is the default.

You may also add actions in the Open With tabbed section under File Properties.

### Modifying Actions

To modify the actions associated with a file or file type, perform the following steps:

1. In the view pane, select a file of the type to which you want to modify the action.

2. Choose File Properties.

3. Choose Open With tabbed section.

4. Use Add or Remove buttons to tailor the list of actions. Select the default action with the option to the left of the list.

## Searching For Files

The Nautilus file manager includes an easy and simple to use way search for your files and folders. To begin a search press CtrlF or select the Search toolbar button. The search bar should appear as in

### The search bar.

The search bar.

Enter characters present in the name or contents of the file or folder you wish to find and press Enter. The results of your search should appear in the view pane as illustrated in

### The result of a search.

The result of a search.

If you are not happy with your search you can refine it by adding addition conditions. This allows you to restrict the search to a specific file type or location. To add search conditions click the + icon. shows a search which has been restricted to the users home directory and to only search for text files.

### Restricting a search.

Restricting a search.

### Saving Searches

Nautilus searches can also be saved for future use. Once saved, searches may be reopened later. shows a user with three saved searches, browsing one of them.

#### Browsing the results of a saved search.

Browsing the results of a saved search.

Saved searches behave exactly like regular folders, for example you can open, move or delete files from within a saved search.

## Managing Your Files and Folders

This section describes how to work with your files and folders.

### Uso delle viste per mostrare i propri file e cartelle

The file manager includes views that enable you to show the contents of your folders in different ways, icon view, and list view.

- Vista a icone

  Shows the items in the folder as icons.

  #### The Home Folder displayed in a icon view.

  Your Home Folder displayed in a icon view.

- Vista a elenco

  Shows the items in the folder as a list.

  #### The Home Folder displayed in a list view.

  Your Home Folder displayed in a list view.

You may use the View menu, or the View as drop-down list to choose between icon or list view. You can specify how you want to arrange or sort items in the folder and modify the size of the items in the view pane. The following sections describe how to work with icon view and list view.

#### Disporre i propri file nella vista a icone

Quando si visualizza il contenuto di una cartella nella vista a icone, è possibile specificare come disporre gli oggetti nella cartella. Per specificare come disporre gli oggetti nella vista a icone, scegliere Visualizza Disponi oggetti. Il sotto-menù Disponi oggetti contiene le seguenti sezioni:

- Per prima vi è un'opzione che consente di disporre i file a mano.

- La sezione centrale contiene le opzioni che consentono di ordinare i propri file in modo automatico.

- La sezione inferiore contiene le opzioni che consentono di modificare la disposizione dei file.

Scegliere l'opzione appropriata dal sotto-menù, come descritto nella seguente tabella:

Opzione | Descrizione
--- | ---
Manualmente | Selezionare questa opzione per disporre gli oggetti manualmente. Per disporre gli oggetti manualmente, trascinarli nella posizione desiderata nel riquadro di visualizzazione.
Per nome | Selezionare questa opzione per ordinare gli oggetti in base al nome dalla a alla z. L'ordine degli oggetti non fa distinzione tra maiuscole e minuscole. Se il file manager è stato impostato per visualizzare i file nascosti, tali file sono mostrati per ultimi.
Per dimensione | Selezionare questa opzione per ordinare gli oggetti in base alla dimensione, con l'oggetto più grande per primo. Quando si ordinano gli oggetti per dimensione, le cartelle sono ordinate in base al numero di oggetti che contengono e non in base alla dimensione totale di tali oggetti.

Per tipo

Selezionare questa opzione per ordinare gli oggetti in base al tipo. Gli oggetti solo ordinati alfabeticamente dalla a alla z in base alla descrizione del loro tipo MIME. Il tipo MIME identifica il formato di un file e consente alle applicazioni di leggere il file. Ad esempio, le applicazioni per la posta elettronica possono usare il tipo MIME `image/png` per rilevare che un file PNG (Portable Networks Graphic) è allegato all'email.

Per data di modifica | Selezionare questa opzione per ordinare gli oggetti in base alla data in cui essi sono stati modificati l'ultima volta. L'oggetto modificato più di recente è posto per primo.
Per simbolo | Selezionare questa opzione per ordinare gli oggetti in base al simbolo che gli è stato aggiunto. Gli oggetti sono ordinati alfabeticamente in base al nome del simbolo. Gli oggetti che non presentano un simbolo sono posti per per ultimi.
Disposizione stretta | Selezionare questa opzione per disporre gli oggetti in modo più compatto, più accostati gli uni agli altri.
Ordine inverso | Selezionare questa opzione per invertire il criterio di ordinamento degli oggetti. Ad esempio, se si ordinano gli oggetti per nome, selezionando l'opzione Ordine inverso si ordinano gli oggetti dalla z alla a (ordine alfabetico inverso).

#### Disporre i propri file nella vista a elenco

When you display the contents of a folder in list view, you can specify how to arrange the items in the folder. To specify how to arrange items in list view, click on the header of the column specifying the property by which you wish to arrange the items. To inverse the sorting order click on the same column header again.

To add or remove columns from the list view choose View Visible Columns

Il modo di disposizione degli oggetti nel file manager per una particolare cartella viene ricordato. Nel visualizzare la cartella, gli oggetti sono disposti nel modo che è stato selezionato in precedenza. In altre parole, quando si specifica come disporre gli oggetti gli oggetti in una cartella, si personalizza la cartella per disporre gli oggetti in quel modo. Per ripristinare le impostazioni di disposizione della cartella alle impostazioni predefinite di disposizione specificate nelle preferenze, scegliere Visualizza Usa impostazioni predefinite.

#### To Change the Size of Items in a View

You can change the size of items in a view. You can change the size if the view displays a file or a folder. You can change the size of items in a view in the following ways:

- To enlarge the size of items in a view, choose View Zoom In.

- To reduce the size of items in a view, choose View Zoom Out.

- To return items in a view to the normal size, choose View Normal Size.

You can also use the zoom buttons on the location bar in a browser window to change the size of items in a view. describes how to use the zoom buttons.

##### Zoom Buttons

Button | Button Name | Descrizione
--- | --- | ---
Zoom Out button. | Zoom Out button | Click on this button to reduce the size of items in a view.
Pulsante Dimensione normale. | Pulsante Dimensione normale | Click on this button to return items in a view to normal size.
Pulsante Aumenta ingrandimento. | Pulsante Aumenta ingrandimento | Click on this button to enlarge the size of items in a view.

The file manager remembers the size of items in a particular folder. The next time that you display the folder, the items are displayed in the size that you selected. In other words, when you change the size of items in a folder, you customize the folder to display the items at that size. To return the size of the items to the default size specified in your preferences, choose View Reset View to Defaults.

### Selecting Files and Folders

You can select files and folders in several ways in the file manager. Typically this is achieved by clicking on the files using the mouse, as explained in . In addition describes how to select a group of files matching a specific pattern.

#### Selecting Items in the File Manager

Operazione | Azione
--- | ---
Selezionare un oggetto | Fare clic sull'oggetto.
Selezionare un gruppo di elementi contigui | In icon view, drag around the files that you want to select. In list view, click on the first item in the group. Press-and-hold Shift, then click on the last item in the group.
Selezionare più elementi | Tenendo premuto il tasto Ctrl, fare clic sugli elementi che si desidera selezionare. Alternatively, press-and-hold Ctrl, then drag around the files that you want to select.
Select all items in a folder | Choose Edit Select All Files.

To perform the default action on an item, double-click on the item. You can set your file manager preferences so that you click once on a file to execute the default action. For more information, see .

#### Selecting Files Matching a Specific Pattern

Nautilus allows you to select all files matching a pattern based upon their filename and an optional number of wildcards. This can be useful if, for example, you wish to select all files which contain the phrase "memo" in their filename. gives some examples of possible patterns and the resulting files they would match.

##### Selecting Items in the File Manager

Pattern | Files Matched
--- | ---
note.* | This pattern would match files called note, with any extension.
*.ogg | This pattern would match all files with the .ogg extension
*memo* | This pattern would match all files or folders whose name contains the word memo.

To perform the Select Pattern command Choose Edit Select Patterns from the menu. After entering the desired pattern you are left with those files or folders which matched the pattern selected. You may then do with the selected files or folders what you choose.

### Drag-and-Drop in the File Manager

You can use drag-and-drop to perform several tasks in the file manager. When you drag-and-drop, the mouse pointer provides feedback about the task that you perform. describes the tasks that you can perform with drag-and-drop. The table also shows the mouse pointers that appear when you drag-and-drop.

#### Drag-and-Drop in the File Manager

Operazione | Azione | Mouse Pointer
--- | --- | ---
Move an item | Drag the item to the new location. | Puntatore di spostamento.
Copy an item | Grab the item, then press-and-hold Ctrl. Drag the item to the location where you want the copy to reside. | Puntatore di copia.
Create a symbolic link to an item | Grab the item, then press-and-hold CtrlShift. Drag the item to the location where you want the symbolic link to reside. | Puntatore di collegamento simbolico.

Ask what to do with the item you drag

Grab the item, then press-and-hold Alt. You may also use the middle mouse button to perform the same operation. Drag the item to the location where you want the item to reside. Release the mouse button. A popup menu appears. Choose one of the following items from the popup menu:

- Move here

  Moves the item to the location.

- Copy here

  Copies the item to the location.

- Link here

  Creates a symbolic link to the item at the location.

- Set as Background

  If the item is an image, sets the image to be the background. You can use this command to set the background of the desktop, the side pane or the view pane.

- Cancel

  Cancels the drag-and-drop operation.

Puntatore di domanda.

### Moving a File or Folder

You can move a file or folder by dragging it with the mouse, or with the cut and paste commands. The following sections describe these two methods.

#### Drag to the New Location

To drag a file or folder to a new location, perform the following steps:

1. Open two file manager windows:

   - The window containing the item you want to move.

   - The window you want to move it to, or the window containing the folder you want to move it to.

2. Drag the file or folder that you want to move to the new location. If the new location is a window, drop it anywhere in the window. If the new location is a folder icon, drop the item you are dragging on the folder.

To move the file or folder to a folder that is one level below the current location, do not open a new window. Instead, drag the file or folder to the new location in the same window.

For more on dragging items, see .

#### Cut and Paste to the New Location

You can cut a file or folder and paste the file or folder into another folder, as follows:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to move, then choose Edit Cut File.

2. Open the folder to which you want to move the file or folder, then choose Edit Paste Files.

### Copying a File or Folder

You can copy a file or folder by dragging it with the mouse, or with the copy and paste commands. The following sections describe these two methods.

#### Drag to the New Location

To copy a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Open two file manager windows:

   - The window containing the item you want to move.

   - The window you want to move it to, or the window containing the folder you want to move it to.

2. Drag the file or folder that you want to move to the new location. Press-and-hold Ctrl either before or during the drag. If the new location is a window, drop it anywhere in the window. If the new location is a folder icon, drop the item you are dragging on the folder.

To copy the file or folder to a folder that is one level below the current location, do not open a new window. Instead, grab the file or folder, then press-and-hold Ctrl. Drag the file or folder to the new location in the same window.

For more on dragging items, see .

#### Copy and Paste to the New Location

You can copy a file or folder and paste the file or folder into another folder, as follows:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to copy, then choose Edit Copy File.

2. Open the folder to which you want to copy the file or folder, then choose Edit Paste Files.

### Duplicating a File or Folder

To create a copy of a file or folder in the current folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to duplicate.

2. Choose Edit Duplicate. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder, then choose Duplicate.

   A copy of the file or folder appears in the current folder.

### Creating a Folder

To create a folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the folder where you want to create the new folder.

2. Choose File Create Folder. Alternatively, right-click on the background of the window, then choose Create Folder.

   An untitled folder is added to the location. The name of the folder is selected.

3. Type a name for the folder, then press Return.

### Templates and Documents

You can create templates from documents that you frequently create. For example, if you often create invoices, you can create an empty invoice document and save the document as `invoice.doc` in the `$HOME/Templates` folder.

You can also access the templates folder from a file browser window. Choose Go Templates.

The template name is displayed as a submenu item in the Create Document menu.

You can also create subfolders in the template folder. Subfolders display as submenus in the menu.

You can also share templates. Create a symbolic link from the template folder to the folder containing the shared templates.

#### To Create a Document

If you have document templates, you can choose to create a document from one of the installed templates.

To create a document perform the following steps:

1. Select the folder where you want to create the new document.

2. Choose File Create Document. Alternatively, right-click on the background of the view pane, then choose Create Document.

   The names of any available templates are displayed as submenu items from the Create Document menu.

3. Double-click on the template name for the document that you want to create.

4. Rename the document before saving to the appropriate folder.

### Renaming a File or Folder

To rename a file or folder perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to rename.

2. Choose Edit Rename. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder, then choose Rename.

   The name of the file or folder is selected.

3. Type a new name for the file or folder, then press Return.

### Moving a File or Folder to Trash

To move a file or folder to Trash perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to move to Trash.

2. Choose Edit Move to Trash. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder, then choose Move to Trash.

Alternatively, you can drag the file or folder to the Trash object on the desktop.

When you move a file or folder from a removable media to Trash, the file or folder is stored in a Trash location on the removable media. To remove the file or folder permanently from the removable media, you must empty Trash.

### Deleting a File or Folder

When you delete a file or folder, the file or folder is not moved to Trash, but is deleted from your file system immediately. The Delete menu item is only available if you select the Include a Delete command that bypasses Trash option in the File Management Preferences dialog.

To delete a file or folder perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to delete.

2. Choose Edit Delete. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder, then choose Delete.

### Creating a Symbolic Link to a File or Folder

A symbolic link is a special type of file that points to another file or folder. When you perform an action on a symbolic link, the action is performed on the file or folder to which the symbolic link points. However, when you delete a symbolic link, you delete the link file, not the file to which the symbolic link points.

To create a symbolic link to a file or folder, select the file or folder to which you want to create a link. Choose Edit Make Link. A link to the file or folder is added to the current folder.

Alternatively, grab the item to which you want to create a link, then press-and-hold CtrlShift. Drag the item to the location where you want to place the link.

By default, the file manager adds an emblem to symbolic links.

The permissions of a symbolic link are determined by the file or folder to which a symbolic link points.

For more on dragging items, see .

### Viewing the Properties of a File or Folder

To view the properties of a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder whose properties you want to view.

2. Choose File Properties. A properties dialog is displayed.

3. Use the properties dialog to view the properties of the file or folder.

4. Click Close to close the properties dialog.

The following table lists the properties that you can view or set for files and folders, the exact information shown depends on the object type:

Property | Descrizione
--- | ---
Nome | The name of the file or folder. You can change the name here and the file or folder will be renamed when you click on Close.
Tipo | The type of object, file or folder for example.
Posizione | The system path for the object. This represents where the object is situated on your computer, relative to the system root.
Volume | The volume on which a folder resides. This is the physical location of the folder, on which media it resides, for example which hard disk or CDROM drive.
Free space | The amount of free space on the media upon which a folder resides. This represents the maximum amount of data you can copy to this folder.
MIME Type | The official naming of the type of file.
Modified | The date and time at which the object was last changed.
Accessed | The date and time at which the object was last viewed.

### Changing Permissions

#### About Permissions

Permissions are settings assigned to each file and folder that determine what type of access users can have to the file or folder. For example, you can determine whether other users can read and edit a file that belongs to you, or only have access to read it but not make changes to it.

You can set permissions for three categories of users:

Proprietario

  The user that created the file or folder.

Gruppo

  A group of users to which the owner belongs.

Others

  All other users not already included.

#### Changing Permissions for a File

To change the permissions of a file, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file that you want to change.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Click on the Permissions tab.

4. To change the file's group, choose from the groups the user belongs to in the drop-down selector.

5. For each of the owner, the group, and all other users, choose from these permissions for the file:

   Nessuna

     No access to the file is possible. (You can't set this for the owner.)

   Read-only

     The users can open a file to see its contents, but not make any changes.

   Read and write

     Normal access to a file is possible: it can be opened and saved.

6. To allow a file to be run as a program, select Execute

#### Changing Permissions for a Folder

To change the permissions of a folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the folder that you want to change.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Click on the Permissions tab.

4. To change the folder's group, choose from the groups the user belongs to in the drop-down selector.

5. For each of the owner, the group, and all other users, choose from these folder access permissions:

   Nessuna

     No access to the folder is possible. (You can't set this for the owner.)

   List files only

     The users can see the items in the folder, but not open any of them.

   Access files

     Items in the folder can be opened and modified, provided their own permissions allow it.

   Create and delete files

     The user can create new files and delete files in the folder, in addition to being able to access existing files.

To set permissions for all the items contained in a folder, set the File Access and Execute properties and click on Apply permissions to enclosed files.

### Adding Notes to Files and Folders

You can add notes to files or folders. You can add notes to files or folders in the following ways:

- From the properties dialog

- From Notes in the side pane

#### To Add a Note Using the Properties Dialog

To add a note to a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder to which you want to add a note.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Click on the Notes tab. In the Notes tabbed section, type the note.

4. Click Close to close the properties dialog. A note emblem is added to the file or folder.

To delete a note, delete the note text from the Notes tabbed section.

#### To Add a Note Using Notes in the Side Pane

To add a note to a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Open the file or folder to which you want to add a note in the view pane.

2. Choose Notes from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane. To display the side pane, choose View Side Pane.

3. Type the note in the side pane. A note emblem is added to the file or folder in the view pane, and a note icon is added to the side pane. You can click on this icon to display the note.

To delete a note, delete the note text from Notes in the side pane.

### Using Bookmarks For Your Favorite Locations

You can keep a list of bookmarks in Nautilus: folders and other locations that you frequently need to open.

Your bookmarks are listed in the following places:

- The Places menu on the top panel.

- The Places menu in a folder window.

- The Bookmarks menu in a Nautilus browser window.

- The side pane in the Open File dialog. This allows you to quickly open a file that is in one of your bookmarked locations.

- The list of commonly used locations in the Save File dialog. This allows you to quickly save a file to a location you have in your bookmarks.

To open an item that is in your bookmarks, choose the item from a menu.

#### Adding a Bookmark

To add a bookmark, open the folder or location that you want to bookmark, then choose Places Add Bookmark.

If you are using a Nautilus browser window, choose Bookmarks Add Bookmark.

#### To Edit a Bookmark

To edit your bookmarks perform the following steps:

1. Choose Places Edit Bookmarks, or in a browser window, Bookmarks Edit Bookmarks. An Edit Bookmarks dialog is displayed.

2. Select the bookmark on the left side of the Edit Bookmarks dialog. Edit the details for the bookmark on the right side of the Edit Bookmarks dialog, as follows:

   Elemento dialog | Descrizione
   --- | ---
   Nome | Use this text box to specify the name that identifies the bookmark in the menus.
   Posizione | Use this field to specify the location of the bookmark. Folders on your system use the `file:///` URI.

3. To delete a bookmark, select the bookmark on the left side of the dialog. Click Delete.

### Using Trash

Trash icon, empty.

Trash is a special folder that holds files that you no longer want to keep. Files in the Trash are not deleted permanently until you empty the trash. This two-stage process is in case you change your mind, or accidentally remove the wrong file.

You can move the following items to Trash:

- Files

- Cartelle

- Desktop objects

If you need to retrieve a file from Trash, you can display Trash and move the file out of Trash. When you empty Trash, you delete the contents of Trash permanently.

#### To Display Trash

You can display the contents of Trash in the following ways:

- From a file browser window

  Choose Go Trash. The contents of Trash are displayed in the window.

- From a spatial window

  Choose Places Trash. The contents of Trash are displayed in the window.

- From the desktop

  Double-click on the Trash object on the desktop.

#### To Empty Trash

You can empty the contents of Trash in the following ways:

- From a file browser window

  Choose File Empty Trash.

- From the desktop

  Right-click on the Trash object, then choose Empty Trash.

When you empty trash, you destroy all files in the trash. Be sure that the trash only contains files you no longer need.

### Hidden Files

By default, Nautilus does not display certain system and backup files in folders. This prevents accidental modification or deletion of them, which can impair the operation of your computer, and also reduces clutter in locations such as your Home Folder. Nautilus does not display:

- Hidden files, whose filename begins with a period (.),

- Backup files, whose filename ends with a tilde (~)

- Files that are listed in a particular folder's `.hidden` file.

You may hide or show hidden files in a particular folder by selecting View Show Hidden Files.

To set Nautilus to always show hidden files, see .

#### Hiding a File or Folder

To hide a file or folder in Nautilus, either rename the file so its name begins with the period (.) character, or create a text file named `.hidden` in the same folder, and add its name to it, as in the example below:

    filename
    foldername

You may need to refresh the relevant Nautilus window to see the change: press CtrlR.

## Item Properties

The Item Properties window shows more information about any file, folder, or other item in the file manager. With this window, you can also do the following:

- Change the icon for an item: see .

- Add or remove emblems for an item: see .

- Change the UNIX file permissions for an item: see .

- Choose which application is used to open an item, and others of the same type.

- Add notes to an item: see .

To open the item properties window, perform the following steps:

1. Select the item whose properties you want to examine or change. If you select more than one item, the properties window will show the properties that are in common to all items.

2. Do one of the following:

   - Choose File Properties.

   - Right-click on the selected item and choose Properties.

   - Press AltReturn.

## Modifying the Appearance of Files and Folders

The Nautilus file manager enables you to modify the appearance of your files and folders in several ways. You may customize the way files or folders look by attaching emblems or backgrounds to them. You can also change format in which Nautilus displays these items to you. The following sections describe how to do so.

### Icons and Emblems

The file manager displays your files and folders as icons. Depending on the type of the file the icon may be a image representative of the file type, a small thumbnail or preview showing the files contents. You can also add emblems to your file and folder icons. Such emblems appear in addition to the file icon and provide another means to manage your files. For example you can mark a file as important by adding an Important emblem to it, creating the following visual effect:

File icon with Important emblem.

Notice how the file on the left is distinguished from the file on the right by the addition of the Important (!) emblem to its icon. See for more on adding emblems.

The file manager automatically applies emblems for the following types of files:

- Symbolic links

- Items for which you have the following permissions:

  - No read permission

  - No write permission

The following table shows the default emblems:

Default Emblem | Descrizione
--- | ---
Symbolic link emblem. | Symbolic link
No write permission emblem. | No write permission
No read permission emblem. | No read permission

### Changing the Icon for a File or Folder

To change the icon that represents an individual file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to change.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. On the Basic tabbed section, click on the current Icon. A Select custom icon dialog is displayed.

4. Use the Select custom icon dialog to choose the icon to represent the file or folder.

5. Click Close to close the properties dialog.

To restore an icon from a custom icon to the default icon, Select the file or folder that you want to change, choose File Properties. click on the Icon button, in the Select custom icon dialog click Revert.

### Adding an Emblem to a File or Folder

To add an emblem to an item perform the following steps:

1. Select the item to which you want to add an emblem.

2. Right-click on the item, then choose Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Click on the Emblems tab to display the Emblems tabbed section.

4. Select the emblem to add to the item.

5. Click Close to close the properties dialog.

In browser windows you may also add emblems to items by dragging them from the emblem side pane.

### Creating a New Emblem

To Create a new emblem, perform the following steps:

1. Choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems.

2. Click on the Emblem button, then click on the Add a New Emblem button. A Create a New Emblem dialog is displayed.

3. Type a name for the emblem in the Keyword text box.

4. Click on the Image button. A dialog is displayed, click Browse. When you choose an emblem, click OK.

5. Click OK on the Create a New Emblem dialog.

### Changing Backgrounds

The file manager includes backgrounds that you can use to change the look-and-feel of the following screen components:

- Scrivania

- Side pane and view pane of a file browser window

- Spatial mode windows

- Pannelli

To change the background of a screen component perform the following steps:

1. Choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems. The Backgrounds and Emblems dialog is displayed.

2. To display a list of patterns that you can use on the background, click on the Patterns button. To display a list of the colors that you can use on the background, click on the Colors button.

3. To change the background to a pattern, drag the pattern to the screen component. To change the background to a color, drag the color to the screen component.

4. Click Close to close the dialog.

To reset the background of the view pane or side pane to the default background, right-click on the background of the pane, then choose Use Default Background.

#### To Add a Pattern

To add a pattern to the patterns that you can use on your screen components, choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems. Click on the Patterns button, then click on the Add a New Pattern button. A dialog is displayed. Use the dialog to find the new pattern. Click OK to add the new pattern to the Backgrounds and Emblems dialog.

#### To Add a Color

To add a color to the colors that you can use on your screen components, choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems. Click on the Colors button, then click on the Add a New Color button. A color selector dialog is displayed. Use the color wheel or the sliders to choose the color. Click OK to add the new color to the Backgrounds and Emblems dialog.

## Using Removable Media

The file manager supports all removable media that have the following characteristics:

- The removable media has an entry in the `/etc/fstab` file. The `/etc/fstab` file describes the file systems that the computer uses.

- The `user` option is specified in the entry for the removable media in the `/etc/fstab` file.

### To Mount Media

To mount media is to make the file system of the media available for access. When you mount media, the file system of the media is attached as a subdirectory to your file system.

To mount media, insert the media in the appropriate device. An object that represents the media is added to the desktop. The object is added only if your system is configured to mount the device automatically when media is detected.

If your system is not configured to mount the device automatically, you must mount the device manually. Double-click on the Computer icon from the desktop. A Computer dialog is displayed. Double-click on the object that represents the media. For example, to mount a floppy diskette, double-click on the Floppy object. An object that represents the media is added to the desktop.

You cannot change the name of a removable media object.

### To Display Media Contents

You can display media contents in any of the following ways:

- Double-click on the object that represents the media on the desktop.

- Right-click on the object that represents the media on the desktop, then choose Open.

A file manager window displays the contents of the media. To reload the display, click on the Reload button.

### To Display Media Properties

To display the properties of removable media, right-click on the object that represents the media on the desktop, then choose Properties. A dialog displays the properties of the media.

To close the properties dialog, click Close.

### To Format a Floppy Disk

To format media is to prepare the media for use. You can use the file manager to format floppy disks.

#### Warning

When you format, you destroy all files on your floppy disk. Do not format floppies containing files you wish to keep.

To format a floppy disk, right-click on the object that represents the floppy on the desktop, then choose Format. A Floppy Formatter dialog is displayed. See the Floppy Formatter documentation for more details.

### To Eject Media

To eject media, right-click on the media object on the desktop, then choose Eject. If the drive for the media is a motorized drive, the media is ejected from the drive. If the drive for the media is not motorized, wait until the desktop object for the media disappears, then eject the media manually.

You cannot eject media from a motorized drive when the media is mounted. To eject media, first unmount the media. To remove a floppy diskette from the drive, perform the following steps:

1. Close all file manager windows, Terminal windows, and any other windows that access the diskette.

2. Right-click on the object that represents the diskette on the desktop, then choose Eject. The desktop object for the diskette disappears.

3. Eject the diskette from the drive.

You must unmount removable media before ejecting. Do not eject a diskette from the drive before you unmount the diskette. Do not remove a USB flash drive before you unmount the flash drive. If you do not unmount the media first you might lose data.

## Writing CDs or DVDs

Writing to a CD or DVD may be useful for backing up your important documents. To do this, your computer must have a CD or DVD writer.

A simple way to check what sort of CD or DVD drive your computer has is to choose Places Computer from the top panel menubar. If the icon for your CD drive has terms like "CD-RW" or "DVD(+-)R" in its label, then your computer is able to write discs.

You can start choosing files to burn to a disc at any time. The file manager provides a special folder for files and folders that you wish to write to a CD or DVD. From there you can easily write all of the content (which you place in this special folder) to a CD or DVD.

### Creating Data Discs

To write a CD or DVD, perform the following steps:

1. In a folder window menubar, choose Places CD/DVD Creator. The file manager opens the CD/DVD Creator folder.

   In a File Browser window, this item is in the Go menu.

2. Drag the files and folders that you want to write to CD or DVD to the CD/DVD Creator folder.

3. Insert a writable CD or DVD into the CD/DVD writer device on your system.

4. Press the Write to Disc button, or choose File Write to CD/DVD. A Write to Disc dialog is displayed.

5. Use the Write to Disc dialog to specify how you want to write the CD, as follows:

   Elemento dialog | Descrizione
   --- | ---
   Write disc to | Select the device to which you want to write the CD from the drop-down list. To create an CD image file, select the File image option. A CD image file is a normal file that contains all of the data in the same format as a CD, that you can write to a CD later.
   Disc name | Type a name for the CD in the text box.
   Data size | Shows the size of the data to be written to disc. The blank disk must be at least this size.
   Write speed | Select the speed at which you want to write the CD from the drop-down list.

6. Click on the Write button.

   If you selected the File image option from the Target to write to drop-down list, a Choose a filename for the disc image dialog is displayed. Use the dialog to specify the location where you want to save the disc image file. By default, disc image files have a `.iso` file extension.

   A Writing disc dialog is displayed. This process takes some time. When the disc is written or when the disc image file is created, a message to indicate that the process is complete is displayed in the dialog.

You can set the CD/DVD Creator folder to open automatically when you instert a blank disc. See Removable Drives and Media Preferences.

The filesystem written to the CD will be readable with long filenames on all recent operating systems. Both the Joliet and the Rock Ridge CD-ROM filesystem extensions are used.

### Copying CDs or DVDs

You can create a copy of a CD or DVD, either to another disc or to an image file stored on your computer. To create a copy, perform the following steps:

1. Insert the disc you want to copy.

2. Choose Places Computer from the top panel menubar.

3. Right-click on the CD icon, and choose Copy Disc.

4. The Write to Disc dialog is displayed.

If you have only one drive with write capabilities, the process will first create a disc image file on your computer. It will then eject the original disk, and ask you to change it for a blank disk on which to write the copy.

If you want to create more than one copy, choose the Image File option on the Write to Disc and then write the disc image: see .

### Creating a Disc from an Image File

You can write a disc image to a CD or DVD. For example, you may have downloaded a disc image from the internet, or previously created one yourself. Disc images usually have a `.iso` file extension and are sometimes called iso files.

To write a disc image, right-click on the disc image file, then choose Write to Disc from the popup menu.

## Navigating Remote Servers

The Nautilus file manager provides an integrated access point to your files, applications, FTP sites, Windows shares, WebDav servers and SSH servers.

### To Access a remote server

You can use the file manager to access a remote server, be it an FTP site, a Windows share, a WebDav server or an SSH server.

To access a remote server, choose File Connect to Server. You may also access this dialog from the menubar by choosing Places Connect to Server.

In the Connect to Server dialog, you may click on the Browse network button to close this dialog and view services available on your network in a nautilus window.

To connect to a remote server, start by choosing the service type, then enter the server address.

If required by your server, you may provide the following optional information :

Elemento dialog | Descrizione
--- | ---
Port | Port to connect to on the server. This should only be used if it is necessary to change the default port, you would normally leave this blank.
Folder | Folder to open upon connecting to server.
User Name | The user name of the account used to connect to the server. This should be supplied with the connexion information if needed. The user name information is not appropriate for a public FTP connexion.
Name to use for connection | The designation of the connexion as it will appear in the file manager.
Share | Name of desired windows share. This is only applicable to Windows shares.
Domain name | Windows domain. This is only applicable to Windows shares.

If the server information is provided in the form of a URI, or you require a specialized connection, choose Custom Location as the service type.

Once you have filled in the information, click on the Connect button. When the connection succeeds, the contents of the site are displayed and you may drag and drop files to and from the remote server.

### To Access Network Places

If your system is configured to access places on a network, you can use the file manager to access the network places.

To access network places, open the file manager and choose Places Network Servers. A window opens that displays the network places that you can access. Double-click on the network that you want to access.

To access UNIX shares, double-click on the Unix Network (NFS) object. A list of the UNIX shares available to you is displayed in the file manager window.

To access Windows shares, double-click on the Windows Network (SMB) object. A list of the Windows shares available to you is displayed in the file manager window.

### Accessing Special URI Locations

Nautilus has certain special URI locations that enable you to access particular functions from the file manager. For example, to access fonts, you can access the `fonts:///` URI in a file manager window.

These are intended for advanced users: in most cases, an easier method of accessing the function or location exists.

lists the special URI locations that you can use with the file manager.

#### Special URI Locations

URI Location | Descrizione
--- | ---
`fonts:///` | Displays all the fonts that are available in your system. To preview a font, double-click on the font. You can also use this location to add fonts to the GNOME Desktop.
`burn:///` | This is a special location where you can copy files and folders that you want to write to a CD. From here you can write the contents of the location to a CD easily. See also .
`network:///` | Displays network locations to which you can connect, if your system is configured to access locations on a network. To access a network location, double-click on the network location. You can also use this URI to add network locations to your system. See also .
`themes:///` | Displays all the themes that are available in the GNOME Desktop. To apply a theme to the GNOME Desktop, double-click on the theme. You can also use this location to add themes to the GNOME Desktop. Alternatively, set a theme with the Theme preference tool.

## Nautilus Preferences

Use the File Management Preferences dialog to customize the file manager to suit your requirements and preferences.

To display the File Management Preferences dialog, choose Edit Preferences. You can also access this dialog directly from the top panel Menubar by choosing System Preferences File Management.

You can set preferences in the following categories:

- Le impostazioni predefinite per le viste.

- Il comportamento di file e cartelle, dei file di testo eseguibili e del cestino.

- Le informazioni che sono mostrate nelle didascalie delle icone e il formato della data.

- The columns that appear in the list view and their order.

- Le opzioni di anteprima per migliorare le prestazioni del file manager.

### Preferenze delle viste

You can specify a default view, and select sort options and display options. You can also specify default settings for icon views and list views.

To specify your default view settings, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Views tab to display the Views tabbed section.

lists the views preferences that you can modify.

#### Preferenze delle viste

Elemento dialog | Descrizione
--- | ---
Visualizzare le nuove cartelle usando | Seleziona la vista predefinita per le cartelle. Quando si apre una cartella, quest'ultima è mostrat nella vista che è selezionata, cioè la vista a icone o quella a elenco.
Disporre gli oggetti | Select the characteristic by which you want to sort the items in folders that are displayed in this view.
Elencare le cartelle prima dei file | Selezionare questa opzione per elencare le cartelle prima degli altri file quando di ordina una cartella.
Mostrare file nascosti e di backup | Select this option to display files that are normally not shown in folders. For more on hidden files, see .
Icon View Default zoom level | There are two settings, one for the icon view and one for the list view. Select the default zoom level for folders that are displayed in this view. The zoom level specifies the size of items in a view.
Use compact layout | Select this option to arrange the items in icon view so that the items in the folder are closer to each other.
Text beside icons | Select this option to place the icon captions for items beside the icon rather than under the icon.
Show only folders | Select this option to display only folders in the Tree in the side pane.

### Behavior Preferences

To set your preferences for files and folders, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Behavior tab to display the Behavior tabbed section.

lists the preferences that you can modify for files and folders.

#### File and Folder Behavior Preferences

Opzione | Descrizione
--- | ---
Single click to activate items | Select this option to perform the default action for an item when you click on the item. When this option is selected, and you point to an item, the title of the item is underlined.
Double click to activate items | Select this option to perform the default action for an item when you double-click on the item.
Always open in browser windows | Select this option to use nautilus in browser mode rather than spatial mode. Selecting this lets you browse your files and folders in the same window, otherwise you will navigate your files and folders as objects.
Always use text entry location bar. | Select this option to force Nautilus to use the Location bar in location field mode instead of the button bar mode by default. For more on using the location bar see .
Run executable text files when they are clicked | Select this option to run an text executable file when you choose the file. An executable text file is a text file that can execute, that is, a shell script.
View executable text files when they are clicked | Select this option to display the contents of an executable text file when you choose the executable text file.
Ask each time | Select this option to display a dialog when you choose an executable text file. The dialog asks whether you want to execute the file or display the file.
Ask before emptying the Trash or deleting files | Select this option to display a confirmation message before Trash is emptied, or files are deleted. Leave this selected unless you have good reason not to.

Include a Delete command that bypasses Trash

Select this option to add a Delete menu item to the following menus:

- The Edit menu.

- The popup menu that is displayed when you right-click on a file, folder, or desktop object.

When you select an item then choose the Delete menu item, the item is deleted from your file system immediately. There is no way to recover a deleted file. Do not select this unless you have good reason to.

### Display Preferences

An icon caption displays the name of a file or folder in an icon view. The icon caption also includes three additional items of information on the file or folder. The additional information is displayed after the file name. Normally only one item of information is visible, but when you zoom in on an icon, more of the information is displayed. You can modify what additional information is displayed in icon captions.

To set your preferences for icon captions, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Display tab to display the Display tabbed section.

Select the items of information that you want to display in the icon caption from the three drop-down lists. Select the first item from the first drop-down list, select the second item from the second drop-down list, and so on. The following table describes the items of information that you can select:

Information | Descrizione
--- | ---
Dimensione | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare la dimensione dell'oggetto.
Tipo | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare la descrizione del tipo MIME dell'oggetto.
Data di modifica | Choose this option to display the last modification date of the item.
Data d'accesso | Choose this option to display the date that the item was last accessed.
Proprietario | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare il proprietario dell'oggetto.
Gruppo | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare il gruppo a cui l'oggetto appartiene.
Permessi | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare i permessi dell'oggetto come gruppi di tre caratteri, ad esempio `-rwxrw-r--`.
Permessi ottali | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare i permessi dell'oggetto in notazione ottale, ad esempio `764`.
tipo MIME | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare il tipo MIME dell'oggetto.
Nessuna | Sceglire questa opzione per non mostrare alcuna informazione per l'oggetto

The date Format option lets you choose how the date is displayed throughout Nautilus.

### List Columns Preferences

You can specify what information is displayed in list view in file manager windows. You can specify which columns are displayed in list view, and the order in which the columns are displayed.

To set your preferences for list columns, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the List Columns tab to display the List Columns tabbed section.

To specify a column to display in list view, select the option that corresponds to the column, then click on the Show button. To remove a column from the list view, select the option that corresponds to the column, then click on the Hide button.

Use the Move Up and Move Down buttons to specify the position of columns in list view.

To use the default columns and column positions, click on the Use Default button.

The following table describes the columns that you can display:

Information | Descrizione
--- | ---
Nome | Selezionare questa opzione per mostrare il nome dell'oggetto.
Dimensione | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare la dimensione dell'oggetto.
Tipo | Choose this option to display the description of the MIME type of the item from the File Types and Programs preference tool.
Data di modifica | Choose this option to display the last modification date of the item.
Data d'accesso | Choose this option to display the date that the item was last accessed.
Gruppo | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare il gruppo a cui l'oggetto appartiene.
tipo MIME | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare il tipo MIME dell'oggetto.
Permessi ottali | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare i permessi dell'oggetto in notazione ottale, ad esempio `764`.
Proprietario | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare il proprietario dell'oggetto.
Permessi | Scegliere questa opzione per mostrare i permessi dell'oggetto come gruppi di tre caratteri, ad esempio `-rwxrw-r--`.

### Preview Preferences

The file manager include some file preview features. The preview features can affect the speed with which the file manager responds to your requests. You can modify the behavior of some of these features to improve the speed of the file manager. For each preview preference, you can select one of the options described in the following table:

Opzione | Descrizione
--- | ---
Sempre | Performs the action for both local files, and files on other file systems.
Solo file locali | Performs the action for local files only.
Mai | Never performs the action.

To set your preview preferences, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Preview tab dialog to display the Preview tabbed section.

lists the preview preferences that you can modify.

#### Preview Preferences

Elemento dialog | Descrizione
--- | ---
Show text in icons | Select an option to specify when to preview the content of text files in the icon that represents the file.
Show thumbnails | Select an option to specify when to show thumbnails of image files. The file manager stores the thumbnail files for each folder in a `.thumbnails` directory in the user's Home Folder.
Only for files smaller than | Specify the maximum file size for files for which the file manager creates a thumbnail.
Preview sound files | Select an option to specify when to preview sound files.
Count number of items | Select an option to specify when to show the number of items in folders. When in icon view, you might need to increase your zoom level to see the number of items in each folder.

## Extending Nautilus

Nautilus can be extended in two main ways. Through nautilus extensions, and through scrips. This section explains the difference between the two and how to install.

### Nautilus Scripts

Nautilus can run scripts. Scripts are typically simpler in operation than full Nautilus extensions and can be written in any scripted language capable of being executed on your computer. To run a script choose File Scripts, then choose the script that you want to run from the submenu.

To run a script on a particular file, select the file in the view pane. Choose File Scripts, then choose the script that you want to run on the file from the submenu. You can also select multiple files to run your scripts on.

You may also access scripts from the context menu.

If you do not have any scripts installed, the script menu will not appear.

#### Installing File Manager Scripts

The file manager includes a special folder where you can store your scripts. All executable files in this folder will appear in the Scripts menu. The script folder is located at $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts.

To install a script, simply copy the script to the script folder and give it the user executable permission.

To view the contents of your scripts folder, if you already have scripts installed, choose File Scripts Open Scripts Folder. You will have to navigate to the scripts folder with the file manager if you do not yet have any scripts. You may need to show hidden files for this, use View Show Hidden Files

A good source to download Nautilus scripts is from the G-Scripts website.

#### Writing File Manager Scripts

When executed from a local folder, scripts will be passed the selected file names. When executed from a remote folder (e.g. a folder showing web or ftp content), scripts will be passed no parameters.

The following table shows variables passed to the script :

Environment variable | Descrizione
--- | ---
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_FILE_PATHS | newline-delimited paths for selected files (only if local)
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS | newline-delimited URIs for selected files
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_CURRENT_URI | URI for current location
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_WINDOW_GEOMETRY | position and size of current window

### Nautilus Extensions

Nautilus extensions are far more powerful than Nautilus scripts, allowing more freedom where and how they extend Nautilus. Nautilus extensions are typically installed by your system administrator.

Some popular Nautilus extensions include:

1. nautilus-actions

   This extension allows you to easily assign actions based on file type

2. nautilus-send-to

   This extension provides a simple way to send a file or folder to another using email, instant messaging, or Bluetooth.

3. nautilus-open-terminal.

   This extension provides an easy way to open a terminal at the selected starting location.

If you are looking for the Open Terminal command which used to exist in the Nautilus right click menu by default then you should install the nautilus-open-terminal extension.