<sect1 id="ai-leapyear">
<sect1info>
<author>
<firstname>Jason</firstname>
<surname>Harris</surname>
</author>
</sect1info>
<title>Leap Years</title>
<para>
The Earth has two major components of motion.  First, it spins on its rotational
axis; a full spin rotation takes one <firstterm>Day</firstterm> to complete.
Second, it orbits around the Sun; a full orbital rotation takes one
<firstterm>Year</firstterm> to complete.
</para><para>
There are normally 365 days in one <emphasis>calendar</emphasis> year, but it
turns out that a <emphasis>true</emphasis> year (&ie;, a full orbit of the Earth
around the Sun; also called a <firstterm>tropical year</firstterm>) is a little
bit longer than 365 days. In other words, in the time it takes the Earth to
complete one orbital circuit, it completes 365.24219 spin rotations.  Don't be
too suprised by this; there's no reason to expect the spin and orbital motions
of the Earth to be synchronized in any way. However, it does make marking
calendar time a bit awkward!
</para><para>
What would happen if we simply ignored the extra 0.24219 rotation at the end of
the year, and simply defined a calendar year to always be 365.0 days long?  The
calendar is basically a charting of the Earth's progress around the Sun.  If we
ignore the extra bit at the end of each year, then with every passing year, the
calendar date lags a little more behind the true position of Earth around the
Sun.  In a few centuries, Winter will begin in September!
</para><para>
In fact, it used to be that all years <emphasis>were</emphasis> defined to have
365.0 days, and the calendar <quote>drifted</quote> away from the true seasons
as a result. In the year 46 <abbrev>BCE</abbrev>, Julius Caeser established the
<firstterm>Julian Calendar</firstterm>, which implemented the world's first
<firstterm>leap years</firstterm>: He decreed that every 4th year would be 366
days long, so that a year was 365.25 days long, on average.  This basically
solved the calendar drift problem.
</para><para>
However, the problem wasn't completely solved by the Julian calendar, because a
tropical year isn't 365.25 days long; it's 365.24219 days long!  You still have
a calendar drift problem, it just takes many centuries to become
noticeable.  And so, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII instituted the
<firstterm>Gregorian calendar</firstterm>, which was largely the same as the
Julian Calendar, with one more trick added for leap years: even Century years
(those ending with the digits "00") are only leap years if they are divisible by
400. So, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not leap years (though they would
have been under the Julian Calendar), whereas the year 2000
<emphasis>was</emphasis> a leap year. This change makes the average length of a 
year 365.2425 days.  So, there is still a tiny calendar drift, but it amounts to
an error of only 3 days in 10,000 years! The Gregorian calendar is still used as
a standard calendar throughout most of the world.
</para>
<note>
<para>
Fun Trivia:  When Pope Gregory instituted the Gregorian Calendar, the Julian
Calendar had been followed for over 1500 years, and so the calendar date had
already drifted by over a week.  Pope Gregory re-synchronized the calendar by
simply <emphasis>eliminating</emphasis> 10 days!  In 1582, the day after October
4th was October 15th!
</para>
</note>
</sect1>
