## 2 Usage

### 2.1 Overview

The two major components of the Event Tracer (ET) tool is a graphical sequence chart viewer (`et_viewer`) and its backing storage (`et_collector`). One collector may be used as backing storage for several simultaneous viewers where each one may display a different view of the same trace data.

The interface between the collector and its viewers is public in order to enable other types of viewers. However in the following text we will focus on usage of the `et_viewer`.

The main start function is `et_viewer:start/1`. It will by default start both an `et_collector` and an `et_viewer`:

             % erl -pa et/examples
             Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 2002.10.08 [source]

             Eshell V2002.10.08  (abort with ^G)
             1> {ok, Viewer} = et_viewer:start([]).
             {ok,<0.31.0>}

A viewer gets trace events from its collector by polling it regularly for more events to display. Trace events are for example reported to the collector with `et_collector:report_event/6`:

             2> Collector = et_viewer:get_collector_pid(Viewer).
             <0.30.0>
             3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 60, my_shell, mnesia_tm, start_outer,
                                          "Start outer transaction"),
             3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 40, mnesia_tm, my_shell, new_tid,
                                          "New transaction id is 4711"),
             3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 20, my_shell, mnesia_locker, try_write_lock,
                                          "Acquire write lock for {my_tab, key}"),
             3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 10, mnesia_locker, my_shell, granted,
                                          "You got the write lock for {my_tab, key}"),
             3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 60, my_shell, do_commit,
                                          "Perform  transaction commit"),
             3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 40, my_shell, mnesia_locker, release_tid,
                                          "Release all locks for transaction 4711"),
             3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 60, my_shell, mnesia_tm, delete_transaction,
                                          "End of outer transaction"),
             3> et_collector:report_event(Collector, 20, my_shell, end_outer,
                                          "Transaction returned {atomic, ok}").
             {ok,{table_handle,<0.30.0>,11,trace_ts,#Fun<et_collector.0.83904657>}}
             4>

This is a simulation of the process events caused by a Mnesia transaction that writes a record in a local table:

             mnesia:transaction(fun() -> mnesia:write({my_tab, key, val}) end).

At this stage when we have a couple of events, it is time to show how it looks like in the graphical interface of `et_viewer`:

A simulated Mnesia transaction which writes one record

In the sequence chart, the actors (which symbolically has performed the traced event) are shown as named vertical bars. The order of the actors may be altered by dragging (hold mouse button 1 pressed during the operation) the name tag of an actor and drop it elsewhere:

Two actors has switched places

An event may be an action performed by one single actor (blue text label) or it may involve two actors and is then depicted as an arrow directed from one actor to another (red text label). Details of an event can be shown by clicking (press and release the mouse button 1) on the event label text or on the arrow:

Details of a write lock message

### 2.2 Filters and dictionary

The Event Tracer (ET) uses named filters in various contexts. An Event Trace filter is an `Erlang fun` that takes some trace data as input and returns a possibly modified version of it:

             filter(TraceData) -> true | {true, NewEvent} | false

             TraceData = NewEvent | term()
             NewEvent  = record(event)

The interface of the filter function is the same as the the filter functions for the good old `lists:zf/2`. If the filter returns `false` it means that the `TraceData` should be dropped. `{true, NewEvent}` means that the `TraceData` should be replaced with `NewEvent`. And `true` means that the `TraceData` data already is an event record and that it should be kept as it is.

The first filter that the trace data is exposed for is the collector filter. When a trace event is reported with `et_collector:report/2` (or `et_collector:report_event/5,6`) the first thing that happens, is that a message is sent to the collector process to fetch a handle that contains some useful stuff, such as the collector filter fun and an ets table identifier. Then the collector filter fun is applied and if it returns `true` (or `{true, NewEvent}`), the event will be stored in an ets table. As an optimization, subsequent calls to `et_collector:report`-functions can use the handle directly instead of the collector pid.

The collector filter (that is the filter named `collector`) is a little bit special, as its input may be any Erlang term and is not limited to take an event record as the other filter functions.

The collector manages a key/value based dictionary, where the filters are stored. Updates of the dictionary is propagated to all subscribing processes. When a viewer is started it is registered as a subscriber of dictionary updates.

In a viewer there is only one filter that is active and all trace events that the viewer gets from the collector will pass thru that filter. By writing clever filters it is possible to customize how the events looks like in the viewer. The following filter replaces the actor names `mnesia_tm` and `mnesia_locker` and leaves everything else in the record as it was:

    mgr_actors(E) when record(E, event) ->
        Actor = fun(A) ->
                   case A of
                       mnesia_tm     -> trans_mgr;
                       mnesia_locker -> lock_mgr;
                       _             -> A
                   end
                end,
        {true, E#event{from = Actor(E#event.from),
                       to = Actor(E#event.to),
                       contents = [{orig_from, E#event.from},
                                   {orig_to,   E#event.to},
                                   {orig_contents, E#event.contents}]}}.

If we now add the filter to the running collector:

            4> Fun = fun(E) -> et_demo:mgr_actors(E) end.
            #Fun<erl_eval.5.123085357>
            5> et_collector:dict_insert(Collector, {filter, mgr_actors}, Fun).
            ok
            6>

you will see that the `Filter` menu in all viewers have got a new entry called `mgr_actors`. Select it, and a new viewer window will pop up:

The same trace data in a different view

In order to see the nitty gritty details of an event you may click on the event in order to start a contents viewer for that event. In the contents viewer there is also a filter menu in order to enable inspection of the event from other views than the one selected in the viewer. A click on the `new_tid` event will cause a contents viewer window to pop up, showing the event in the `mgr_actors` view:

The trace event in the mgr_actors view

Select the `collector` entry in the `Filters` menu and a new contents viewer window will pop up showing the same trace event in the collectors view:

The same trace event in the collectors view

### 2.3 Trace clients

As you have seen it is possible to use the `et_collector:report`-functions explicitly. By using those functions you can write your own trace client that reads trace data from any source stored in any format and just feed the collector with it. You may replace the default collector filter with a filter that converts new exciting trace data formats to event-records or you may convert it to an event-record before you invoke `et_collector:report/2` and then rely on the default collector filter to handle the new format.

There are also existing functions in the API that reads from various sources and calls `et_collector:report/2`:

- The trace events that are hosted by the collector may be stored to file and later be loaded by selecting `save` and `load` entries in the viewers `File`-menu or via the `et_collector` API.
- It is also possible to perform live tracing of a running system by making use of the built-in trace support in the Erlang emulator. These Erlang traces can be directed to files or to ports. See the reference manual for `erlang:trace/4`, `erlang:trace_pattern/3`, `dbg` and `ttb` for more info.
  There are also corresponding trace client types that can read the Erlang trace data format from such files or ports. The `et_collector:start_trace_client/3` function makes use of these Erlang trace clients and redirects the trace data to the collector.
  The default collector filter converts the Erlang trace data format into event-records.If you want to perform this differently you can of course write your own collector filter from scratch. But it may probably save you some efforts if you first apply the default filter in `et_selector:parse_event/2` before you apply your own conversions of its output.

### 2.4 Global tracing and phone home

Setting up an Erlang tracer on a set of nodes and connecting trace clients to the ports of these tracers is not intuitive. In order to make this it easier the Event Tracer as a notion of global tracing. When used, the `et_collector` process will monitor Erlang nodes and when one connects, an Erlang tracer will automatically be started on the other node. A corresponding trace client will also be started on the collector node in order to automatically forward the trace events to the collector. Set the boolean parameter `trace_global` to `true` for either the `et_collector` or `et_viewer` in order to activate the global tracing. There is no restriction on how many concurrent (anonymous) collectors you can have, but you can only have one global collector as its name is registered in `global`.

In order to further simplify the tracing you can make use of the `et:report_event/4,5` (or its equivalents `et:phone_home/4,5` :-). These functions are intended to be invoked from other applications when there are interesting events, in your application that needs to be highlighted. The functions are extremely light weight as they do nothing besides returning an atom. These functions are specifically designed to be traced for. As the caller explicitly provides the values for the event-record fields, the default collector filter is able to automatically provide a customized event-record without any user defined filter functions.

In normal operation the `et:report_event/4,5` calls are almost for free. When tracing is needed you can either activate tracing on these functions explicitly. Or you can combine the usage of `trace_global` with the usage of `trace_pattern`. When set, the `trace_pattern` will automatically be activated on all connected nodes.

One nice thing with the `trace_pattern` is that it provides a very simple way of minimizing the amount of generated trace data by allowing you to explicitly control the detail level of the tracing. As you may have seen the `et_viewer` have a slider called `"Detail Level"` that allows you to control the detail level of the trace events displayed in the viewer. On the other hand if you set a low detail level in the `trace_pattern`, lots of the trace data will never be generated and thus not sent over the socket to the trace client and stored in the collector.

### 2.5 Viewer window

Almost all functionality available in the `et_viewer` is also available via shortcuts. Which key that has the same effect as selecting a menu entry is shown enclosed in parentheses. For example pressing the key `r` is equivivalent to selecting the menu entry `Viewer->Refresh`.

File menu:

- Close Collector and all Viewers - Close the collector and all viewers connected to that collector.
- Close other Viewers, but keep Collector - Keep this viewer and its collector, but close all other viewers connected to this collector.
- Close this Viewer, but keep Collector - Close this viewer, but all other viewers and the collector.
- Save Collector to file - Save all events stored in the collector to file.
- Load Collector from file - Load the collector with events from a file.

Viewer menu:

- First - Scroll `this` viewer to the first collector event.
- Prev - Scroll `this` viewer one "page" backwards. Normally this means that the first event displayed in the viewer will be the last one and the previous `max_events` events will be read from the collector.
- Next - Scroll `this` viewer one "page" forward. Normally this means that the last event displayed in the viewer will be the first one and `max_events` more events will be read from the collector.
- Last - Scroll `this` viewer to the last collector event.
- Refresh - Clear `this` viewer and re-read its events from the collector.
- Up 5 - Scroll 5 events backwards.
- Down 5 - Scroll 5 events forward.
- Abort search. Display all. - Switch the display mode to show all events regardless of any ongoing searches. Abort the searches.

Collector menu:

- First - Scroll `all` viewers to the first collector event.
- Prev - Scroll `all` viewers one "page" backwards. Normally this means that the first event displayed in the viewer will be the last one and the previous `max_events` events will be read from the collector.
- Next - Scroll `all` viewers one "page" forward. Normally this means that the last event displayed in the viewer will be the first one and `max_events` more events will be read from the collector.
- Last - Scroll `all` viewers to the last collector event.
- Refresh - Clear `all` viewers and re-read their events from the collector.

Filters menu:

- ActiveFilter (=) - Start a new viewer window with the same active filter and scale as the current one.
- ActiveFilter (+) - Start a new viewer window with the same active filter but a larger scale than the current one.
- ActiveFilter (-) - Start a new viewer window with the same active filter but a smaller scale than the current one.
- collector (0) - Start a new viewer with the collector filter as active filter.
- AnotherFilter (2) - If more filters are inserted into the dictionary, these will turn up here as entries in the `Filters` menu. The second filter will be number 2, the next one number 3 etc. The names are sorted.

Slider and radio buttons:

- Freeze - When true, this means that the viewer will not read more events from the collector until set to false.
- Hide From=To - When true, this means that the viewer will hide all events where the from-actor equals to its to-actor.
- Hide Unknown - When true, this means that the viewer will hide all events where either of the from-actor or to-actor is `UNKNOWN`.
- Detail level - This slider controls the resolution of the viewer. Only events with a detail level `smaller` than the selected one (default=100=max) are displayed.

Other features:

- Display details of an event - Click on the event name and a new window will pop up, displaying the contents of an event.
- Toggle actor search - Normally the viewer will be in a display mode where all events are shown. By clicking on an actor name the tool will switch display mode to only show events with selected actors.
  Click on an actor and only events with that actor will be displayed. Click on another actor to include that actor to the selected ones. Clicking on an already selected actor will remove it from the collections of selected actors. When the collection of selected actors becomes empty the normal mode where all actors are shown will be entered again.
  Abort actor search with the `a` key or with the `Viewer->Abort search` menu choice.
- Move actor - Drag and drop an actor by first clicking on the actor name, keeping the button pressed while moving the cursor to a new location and release the button where the actor should be moved to.

### 2.6 Configuration

The event-records in the ets-table are ordered by their timestamp. Which timestamp that should be used is controlled via the `event_order` parameter. Default is `trace_ts` which means the time when the trace data was generated. `event_ts` means the time when the trace data was parsed (transformed into an event-record).

### 2.7 Contents viewer window

File menu:

- Close - Close this window.
- Save - Save the contents of this window to file.

Filters menu:

- ActiveFilter - Start a new contents viewer window with the same active filter.
- AnotherFilter (2) - If more filters are inserted into the dictionary, these will turn up here as entries in the `Filters` menu. The second filter will be number 2, the next one number 3 etc. The names are sorted.

Hide menu:

- Hide actor in viewer - Known actors are shown as a named vertical bars in the viewer window. By hiding the actor, its vertical bar will be removed and the viewer will be refreshed.
  Hiding the actor is only useful if the `max_actors` threshold has been reached, as it then will imply that the "hidden" actor will be displayed as if it were `"UNKNOWN"`. If the `max_actors` threshold not have been reached, the actor will re-appear as a vertical bar in the viewer.
- Show actor in viewer - This implies that the actor will be added as a known actor in the viewer with its own vertical bar.

Search menu:

- Forward from this event - Set this event to be the first event in the viewer and change its display mode to be enter forward search mode. The actor of this event (from, to or both) will be added to the list of selected actors.
- Reverse from this event - Set this event to be the first event in the viewer and change its display mode to be enter reverse search mode. The actor of this event (from, to or both) will be added to the list of selected actors. Observe, that the events will be shown in reverse order.
- Abort search. Display all - Switch the display mode of the viewer to show all events regardless of any ongoing searches. Abort the searches.

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