# lists

### MODULE

lists

### MODULE SUMMARY

List Processing Functions

### DESCRIPTION

This module contains functions for list processing. The functions are organized in two groups: those in the first group perform a particular operation on one or more lists, whereas those in the second group use a user-defined function (given as the first argument) to perform an operation on one list.

### EXPORTS

`append(ListOfLists) -> List1`

Types:

`ListOfLists = [List]`
`List = List1 = [term()]`

Returns a list in which all the sub-lists of `ListOfLists` have been appended. For example:

    > lists:append([[1, 2, 3], [a, b], [4, 5, 6]]).
    [1, 2, 3, a, b, 4, 5, 6]

The result need not be a proper list. The last parameter may be of any datatype and will be the tail in the resulting list. An example:

    > lists:append([[a,b],c]).
    [a,b|c]

The atom `c` will be the tail of the list and the list is therefore not proper (a proper list ends with `[]`).

As a parameter of `[]` is ignored this example is also valid (although probably useless):

    lists:append([[],d]).

`append(List1, List2) -> List3`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = List3 = [term()]`

Returns a new list `List3` which is made from the elements of `List1` followed by the elements of `List2`. For example:

    > lists:append("abc", "def").
    "abcdef".

`lists:append(A,B)` is equivalent to `A ++ B`.

The behaviour regarding inproper lists is identical to the behaviour of `lists:append/1`

`concat(Things) -> string()`

Types:

`Things = [Thing]`
`Thing = atom() | integer() | float() | string()`

Concatenates the ASCII list representation of the elements of `Things`. The elements of `Things` can be atoms, integers, floats or strings.

    > lists:concat([doc, '/', file, '.', 3]).
    "doc/file.3"

`delete(Element, List1) -> List2`

Types:

`List1 = list2 = [Element]`
`Element = term()`

Returns a copy of `List1`, but the first occurrence of `Element`, if present, is deleted.

`duplicate(N, Element) -> List`

Types:

`N = int()`
`List = [Element]`
`Element = term()`

Returns a list which contains N copies of the term `Element`.

| `N` must be an integer >= 0. For example:

    > lists:duplicate(5, xx).
    [xx, xx, xx, xx, xx]

`flatlength(DeepList) -> int()`

Equivalent to `length(flatten(DeepList))`, but more efficient.

`flatten(DeepList) -> List`

Types:

`DeepList = [term() | DeepList]`

Returns a flattened version of `DeepList`.

`flatten(DeepList, Tail) -> List`

Types:

`DeepList = [term() | DeepList]`
`Tail = [term()]`

Returns a flattened version of `DeepList` with the tail `Tail` appended.

`keydelete(Key, N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2`

Types:

`TupleList1 = TupleList2 = [tuple()]`
`N = int()`
`Key = term()`

Returns a copy of `TupleList1` where the first occurrence of a tuple whose `N`th element is `Key` is deleted, if present.

`keymember(Key, N, TupleList) -> bool()`

Types:

`TupleList = [tuple()]`
`N = int()`
`Key = term()`

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList` for a tuple whose `N`th element is `Key`.

`keymerge(N, List1, List2)`

Types:

`N = int()`
`List1 = List2 = [tuple()]`

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`. The merge is performed on the `N`th element of each tuple. Both `List1` and `List2` must be key-sorted prior to evaluating this function; otherwise the result is undefined (and probably unexpected). When elements in the input lists compare equal, elements from `List1` are picked before elements from `List2`.

`keyreplace(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple) -> TupleList2`

Types:

`Key = term()`
`N = int()`
`TupleList1 = TupleList2 = [tuple()]`
`NewTuple = tuple()`

Returns a list of tuples. In this list, a tuple is replaced by the tuple `NewTuple`. This tuple is the first tuple in the list where the element number `N` is equal to `Key`.

`keysearch(Key, N, TupleList) -> Result`

Types:

`TupleList = [tuple()]`
`N = int()`
`Key = term()`
`Result = {value, tuple()} | false`

Searches the list of the tuples `TupleList` for `Tuple` whose `N`th element is `Key`. Returns `{value, Tuple}` if such a tuple is found, or `false` if no such tuple is found.

`keysort(N, List1) -> List2`

Types:

`N = int()`
`List1 = List2 = [tuple()]`

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1`. `TupleList1` must be a list of tuples, and the sort is performed on the `N`th element of the tuple. The sort is stable.

`last(List) -> Element`

Types:

`List = [Element]`
`Element = term()`

Returns the last element in `List`.

`max(List) -> Max`

Types:

`List = [Element]`
`Element = Max = term()`

Returns the maximum element of `List`.

`member(Element, List) -> bool()`

Types:

`List = [Element]`
`Element = term()`

Returns `true` if `Element` is contained in the list `List`, otherwise `false`.

`merge(ListOfLists) -> List1`

Types:

`ListOfLists = [List]`
`List = List1 = [term()]`

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all the sub-lists of `ListOfLists`. All sub-lists must be sorted prior to evaluating this function.

`merge(List1, List2) -> List3`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = List3 = [term()]`

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted prior to evaluating this function.

`merge(Fun, List1, List2) -> List`

Types:

`List = List1 = List2 = [Element]`
`Fun = fun(Element, Element) -> bool()`
`Element = term()`

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted according to the ordering function `Fun` prior to evaluating this function. `Fun(A,B)` should return `true` if `A` comes before `B` in the ordering, `false` otherwise.

`merge3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = List3 = List4 = [term()]`

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1`, `List2` and `List3`. All of `List1`, `List2` and `List3` must be sorted prior to evaluating this function.

`min(List) -> Min`

Types:

`List = [Element]`
`Element = Max = term()`

Returns the minimum element of `List`.

`nth(N, List) -> Element`

Types:

`N = int()`
`List = [Element]`
`Element = term()`

Returns the `N`th element of the `List`. For example:

    > lists:nth(3, [a, b, c, d, e]).
    c

`nthtail(N, List1) -> List2`

Types:

`N = int()`
`List1 = List2 = [Alpha]`

Returns the `N`th tail of `List`. For example:

    > lists:nthtail(3, [a, b, c, d, e]).
    [d, e]

`prefix(List1, List2) -> bool()`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = [term()]`

Returns `true` if `List1` is a prefix of `List2`, otherwise `false`.

`reverse(List1) -> List2`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = [term()]`

Returns a list with the top level elements in `List1` in reverse order.

`reverse(List1, List2) -> List3`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = List3 = [term()]`

Returns a list where `List1` has been reversed and appended to the beginning of `List2`. Equivalent to `reverse(List1) ++ List2`. For example:

    > lists:reverse([1, 2, 3, 4], [a, b, c]).
    [4, 3, 2, 1, a, b, c]

`seq(From, To) -> [int()]`
`seq(From, To, Incr) -> [int()]`

Types:

`From = To = Incr = int()`

Returns a sequence of integers which starts with `From` and contains the successive results of adding `Incr` to the previous element, until `To` has been reached or passed (in the latter case, `To` is not an element of the sequence). If `To-From` has a different sign from `Incr`, or if `Incr` = 0 and `From` is different from `To`, an error is signalled (this implies that the result is never an empty list - the first element is always `From`).

`seq(From, To)` is equivalent to `seq(From, To, 1)`.

Examples:

    > lists:seq(1, 10).
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

    > lists:seq(1, 20, 3).
    [1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19]

    > lists:seq(1, 1, 0).
    [1]

`sort(List1) -> List2`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = [term()]`

Returns a list which contains the sorted elements of `List1`.

`sort(Fun, List1) -> List2`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = [Element]`
`Fun = fun(Element, Element) -> bool()`
`Element = term()`

Returns a list which contains the sorted elements of `List1`, according to the ordering function `Fun`. `Fun(A,B)` should return `true` if `A` comes before `B` in the ordering, `false` otherwise.

`sublist(List, N) -> List1`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = [term()]`
`N = int()`

Returns the first `N` elements of `List`. It is not an error for `N` to exceed the length of the list when `List` is a proper list - in that case the whole list is returned.

`sublist(List1, Start, Length) -> List2`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = [term()]`
`Start = End = int()`

Returns the sub-list of `List` starting at `Start` of length `Length`. Terminates with a runtime failure if `Start` is not in `List`, but a sub-list of a length less than `Length` is accepted. `Start` is considered to be in `List` if `Start` >= 1 and `Start` <= `length(List)+1`.

`subtract(List1, List2) -> List3`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = List3 = [term()]`

Returns a new list `List3` which is a copy of `List1`, subjected to the following procedure: for each element in `List2`, its first occurrence in `List1` is removed. For example:

    > lists:subtract("123212", "212").
    "312".

`lists:subtract(A,B)` is equivalent to `A -- B`.

`suffix(List1, List2) -> bool()`

Returns `true` if `List1` is a suffix of `List2`, otherwise `false`.

`sum(List) -> number()`

Types:

`List = [number()]`

Returns the sum of the elements in `List`.

`ukeymerge(N, List1, List2)`

Types:

`N = int()`
`List1 = List2 = [tuple()]`

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2` while removing consecutive duplicates. The merge is performed on the `N`th element of each tuple. Both `List1` and `List2` must be key-sorted prior to evaluating this function; otherwise the order of the elements in the result will be undefined. When elements in the input lists compare equal, elements from `List1` are picked before elements from `List2`.

`ukeysort(N, List1) -> List2`

Types:

`N = int()`
`List1 = List2 = [tuple()]`

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1` with consecutive duplicates removed. `TupleList1` must be a list of tuples, and the sort is performed on the `N`th element of the tuple. The sort is stable.

`umerge(ListOfLists) -> List1`

Types:

`ListOfLists = [List]`
`List = List1 = [term()]`

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all the sub-lists of `ListOfLists` while removing duplicates. All sub-lists must be sorted and contain no duplicates prior to evaluating this function.

`umerge(List1, List2) -> List3`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = List3 = [term()]`

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2` while removing duplicates. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted and contain no duplicates prior to evaluating this function.

`umerge(Fun, List1, List2) -> List`

Types:

`List = List1 = List2 = [Element]`
`Fun = fun(Element, Element) -> bool()`
`Element = term()`

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2` while removing consecutive duplicates. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted according to the ordering function `Fun` prior to evaluating this function. `Fun(A,B)` should return `true` if `A` comes before `B` in the ordering, `false` otherwise.

`umerge3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = List3 = List4 = [term()]`

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1`, `List2` and `List3` while removing duplicates. All of `List1`, `List2` and `List3` must be sorted and contain no duplicates prior to evaluating this function.

`unzip(List1) -> {List2,List3}`

Types:

`List1 = [{X,Y}]`
`List2 = [X]`
`List3 = [Y]`
`X = Y = term()`

"Unzip" a list of two-tuples into two lists, where the first list contains all terms in the first element of each tuple, and the second list the second element of each tuple.

`unzip3(List1) -> {List2,List3,List4}`

Types:

`List1 = [{X,Y,Z}]`
`List2 = [X]`
`List3 = [Y]`
`List4 = [Z]`
`X = Y = Z = term()`

"Unzip" a list of three-tuples into three lists, where the first list contains all terms in the first element of each tuple, the second list the second element of each tuple, and the third list the third element of each tuple.

`usort(List1) -> List2`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = [term()]`

Returns a list which contains the sorted elements of `List1` without duplicates.

`usort(Fun, List1) -> List2`

Types:

`List1 = List2 = [Element]`
`Fun = fun(Element, Element) -> bool()`
`Element = term()`

Returns a list which contains the sorted elements of `List1` with consecutive duplicates removed, according to the ordering function `Fun`. `Fun(A,B)` should return `true` if `A` comes before `B` in the ordering, `false` otherwise.

`zip(List1, List2) -> List3`

Types:

`List1 = [X]`
`List2 = [Y]`
`List3 = [{X,Y}]`
`X = Y = term()`

"Zip" two lists of equal length into one list of two-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list and the second element is taken from corresponding element in the second list.

`zip3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4`

Types:

`List1 = [X]`
`List2 = [Y]`
`List3 = [Z]`
`List3 = [{X,Y,Z}]`
`X = Y = term()`

"Zip" three lists of equal length into one list of three-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list, the second element is taken from corresponding element in the second list, and the third element is taken from the third list.

`zipwith(Combine, List1, List2) -> List3`

Types:

`Combine = fun(X, Y) -> term()`
`List1 = [X]`
`List2 = [Y]`
`List3 = [Combine(X, Y)]`
`X = Y = term()`

Combine the elements of two lists of equal length into one list. For each pair `X`, `Y` of list elements from the two lists the element in the result list will be `Combine(X, Y)`.

`zipwith(fun(X, Y) -> {X,Y} end, List1, List2)` is equivalent to `zip(List1, List2)`.

Examples:

    > lists:zipwith(fun(X, Y) -> X+Y end, [1,2,3], [4,5,6]).
    [5,7,9]
    > lists:zipwith(fun(X, Y) -> [X|Y] end, [a,b,c], [4,5,6]).
    [[a|4],[b|5],[c|6]]

`zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3) -> List4`

Types:

`Combine = fun(X, Y) -> term()`
`List1 = [X]`
`List2 = [Y]`
`List3 = [Z]`
`List4 = [Combine(X, Y, Z)]`
`X = Y = Z = term()`

Combine the elements of three lists of equal length into one list. For each triple `X`, `Y`, `Z` of list elements from the two lists the element in the result list will be `Combine(X, Y, Z)`.

`zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> {X,Y,Z} end, List1, List2, List2)` is equivalent to `zip3(List1, List2, List3)`.

Examples:

    > lists:zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> X+Y+Z end, [1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]).
    [12,15,18]
    > lists:zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> [X,Y,Z] end, [a,b,c], [x,y,z], [1,2,3]).
    [[a,x,1],[b,y,2],[c,z,3]]

`all(Pred, List) -> bool()`

Types:

`Pred = fun(A) -> bool()`
`List = [A]`

Returns `true` if all elements X in `List` satisfy `Pred(X)`.

`any(Pred, List) -> bool()`

Types:

`Pred = fun(Element) -> bool()`
`List = [Element]`
`Element = term()`

Returns `true` if any of the elements in `List` satisfies `Pred`.

`dropwhile(Pred, List1) -> List2`

Types:

`Pred = fun(A) -> bool()`
`List1 = List2 = [A]`

Drops elements `X` from `List1` while `Pred(X)` is `true` and returns the remaining list.

`filter(Pred, List1) -> List2`

Types:

`Pred = fun(A) -> bool()`
`List1 = List2 = [A]`

`List2` is a list of all elements `X` in `List1` for which `Pred(X)` is `true`.

`flatmap(Function, List1) -> Element`

Types:

`Function = fun(A) -> B`
`List1 = [A]`
`Element = [B]`

`flatmap` behaves as if it had been defined as follows:

    flatmap(Func, List) ->
        append(map(Func, List))

`foldl(Function, Acc0, List) -> Acc1`

Types:

`Function = fun(A, AccIn) -> AccOut`
`List = [A]`
`Acc0 = Acc1 = AccIn = AccOut = term()`

`Acc0` is returned if the list is empty. For example:

    > lists:foldl(fun(X, Sum) -> X + Sum end, 0, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    15
    > lists:foldl(fun(X, Prod) -> X * Prod end, 1, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    120

`foldr(Function, Acc0, List) -> Acc1`

Types:

`Function = fun(A, AccIn) -> AccOut`
`List = [A]`
`Acc0 = Acc1 = AccIn = AccOut = term()`

Calls `Function` on successive elements of `List` together with an extra argument `Acc` (short for accumulator). `Function` must return a new accumulator which is passed to the next call. `Acc0` is returned if the list is empty. `foldr` differs from `foldl` in that the list is traversed "bottom up" instead of "top down". `foldl` is tail recursive and would usually be preferred to `foldr`.

`foreach(Function, List) -> void()`

Types:

`Function = fun(A) -> void()`
`List = [A]`

Applies the function `Function` to each of the elements in `List`. This function is used for its side effects and the evaluation order is defined to be the same as the order of the elements in the list.

`map(Func, List1) -> List2`

Types:

`Func = fun(A) -> B`
`List1 = [A]`
`List2 = [B]`

`map` takes a function from `A`s to `B`s, and a list of `A`s and produces a list of `B`s by applying the function to every element in the list. This function is used to obtain the return values. The evaluation order is implementation dependent.

`mapfoldl(Function, Acc0, List1) -> {List2, Acc}`

Types:

`Function = fun(A, AccIn) -> {B, AccOut}`
`Acc0 = Acc1 = AccIn = AccOut = term()`
`List1 = [A]`
`List2 = [B]`

`mapfold` combines the operations of `map` and `foldl` into one pass. For example, we could sum the elements in a list and double them at the same time:

    > lists:mapfoldl(fun(X, Sum) -> {2*X, X+Sum} end,
                     0, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[2,4,6,8,10],15}

`mapfoldr(Function, Acc0, List1) -> {List2, Acc}`

Types:

`Function = fun(A, AccIn) -> {B, AccOut}`
`Acc0 = Acc1 = AccIn = AccOut = term()`
`List1 = [A]`
`List2 = [B]`

`mapfold` combines the operations of `map` and `foldr` into one pass.

`partition(Pred, List) -> {Satisfying, NonSatisfying}`

Types:

`Pred = fun(A) -> bool()`
`List = [A]`
`List = Satisfying = [A] where Pred(A) == true`
`List = NonSatisfying = [A] where Pred(A) == false`
`A = term()`

Partition `List` into two lists, where the first list contains all elements for which `Pred(A)` returns `true`, and the second list contains all elements for which `Pred(A)` returns `false`.

Examples:

    > lists:partition(fun(A) -> A rem 2 == 1 end, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]).
    {[1,3,5,7],[2,4,6]}
    > lists:partition(fun(A) -> is_atom(A) end, [a,b,1,c,d,2,3,4,e]).
    {[a,b,c,d,e],[1,2,3,4]}

See also splitwith/2 for a different way to partition a list.

`split(N, List) -> {List1, List2}`

Types:

`Pred = fun(A) -> bool()`
`List = List1 = List2 = [A]`

Partitions `List` into `List1` and `List2`. `List1` contains the first `N` elements and `List2` the rest of the elements.

Note that `List == List1 ++ List2`.

`splitwith(Pred, List) -> {List1, List2}`

Types:

`Pred = fun(A) -> bool()`
`List = List1 = List2 = [A]`

Partitions `List` into `List1` and `List2` according to `Pred`.

`splitwith` behaves as if it had been defined as follows:

    splitwidth(Pred, List) ->
              {takewhile(Pred, List), dropwhile(Pred, List)}.

Note also that `List == List1 ++ List2`.

Examples:

    > lists:splitwith(fun(A) -> A rem 2 == 1 end, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]).
    {[1],[2,3,4,5,6,7]}
    > lists:splitwith(fun(A) -> is_atom(A) end, [a,b,1,c,d,2,3,4,e]).
    {[a,b],[1,c,d,2,3,4,e]}

See also partition/2 for a different way to partition a list.

`takewhile(Pred, List1) -> List2`

Types:

`Pred = fun(A) -> bool()`
`List1 = List2 = [A]`

Returns the longest prefix of `List1` for which all elements `X` in `List1` satisfy `Pred(X)`.

### Relics

Some of the exported functions in `lists.erl` are not documented. In particular, this applies to a number of `maps` and `folds` which have an extra argument for environment passing. These functions are no longer needed because Erlang 4.4 and later releases have Funs.

| Any undocumented functions in lists should not be used.

### AUTHORS

Joe Armstrong - support@erlang.ericsson.se
Robert Virding - support@erlang.ericsson.se

stdlib 1.13.8
Copyright © 1991-2005 Ericsson AB