r.sun(1)		      Grass User's Manual		      r.sun(1)



NNAAMMEE
       rr..ssuunn  -  Computes  beam  (direct),  diffuse and ground reflected solar
       irradiation raster maps for given  day,	latitude,  surface  and  atmo-
       spheric conditions.  Solar parameters (e.g. time of sunrise and sunset,
       declination, extraterrestrial irradiance, daylight length) are saved in
       a  local  text  file. Alternatively, the local time can be specified to
       compute solar incidence angle and/or irradiance raster maps. The  shad-
       owing effect of the topography is optionally incorporated.

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
       rr..ssuunn

       rr..ssuunn hheellpp

       rr..ssuunn  [-s]  eelleevviinn=name  aassppiinn=name  ssllooppeeiinn=name  [  lliinnkkeeiinn=name]  [
       lliinn=value] [ aallbbeeddoo=name] [ aallbb=value] [  llaattiinn=name]  [  llaatt=value]  [
       ccooeeffbbhh=name]   [  ccooeeffddhh=name]  [  iinncciiddoouutt=name]  [  bbeeaamm__rraadd=name]  [
       iinnssooll__ttiimmee=name]  [  ddiiffff__rraadd=name]  [	rreeffll__rraadd=name]	 ddaayy=value   [
       sstteepp=value] [ ddeecclliinn=value] [ ttiimmee=value] [ddiisstt=value]

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
       The  solar geometry of the model is based on the works of Krcho (1990),
       later improved by Jenco (1992). The equations  describing  Sun  &#8211;
       Earth  position	as  well as an interaction of the solar radiation with
       atmosphere were originally based on the formulas  suggested  by	Kitler
       and  Mikler  (1986).  This  component  was  considerably updated by the
       results and suggestions of the working group co-ordinated  by  Scharmer
       and Greif (2000) (this algorithm might be replaced by SOLPOS algorithm-
       library included in GRASS within r.sunmask command). The model computes
       all  three components of global radiation (beam, diffuse and reflected)
       for the clear sky conditions, i.e. not taking  into  consideration  the
       spatial	and temporal variation of clouds. The extent and spatial reso-
       lution of the modelled area, as well as integration over time, are lim-
       ited  only by the memory and data storage resources. The model is built
       to fulfil user needs in various fields of science (hydrology, climatol-
       ogy,  ecology  and  environmental sciences, photovoltaics, engineering,
       etc.) for continental, regional up to the landscape scales.

       As an option the model considers a shadowing effect of the local topog-
       raphy.	The  r.sun works in two modes. In the first mode it calculates
       for the set local time a solar  incidence  angle  [degrees]  and  solar
       irradiance  values  [W.m-2].   In  the  second mode daily sums of solar
       radiation [Wh.m-2.day-1] are computed within a set day. By a  scripting
       the  two  modes	can  be used separately or in a combination to provide
       estimates for any desired time interval. The  model  accounts  for  sky
       obstruction  by	local  relief  features.  Several solar parameters are
       saved in a local text file named _r_._s_u_n___o_u_t_._t_x_t.

       The solar incidence angle raster map _i_n_c_i_d_o_u_t  is  computed  specifying
       elevation  raster  map _e_l_e_v_i_n, aspect raster map _a_s_p_i_n, slope steepness
       raster map _s_l_o_p_i_n_, given the day _d_a_y and local time _t_i_m_e. There	is  no
       need  to  define  latitude for locations with known and defined projec-
       tion/coordinate system (check it out using g.projinfo command). If  you
       have  undefined projection, (x,y) system, etc. then the latitude can be
       defined explicitely for large areas by  input  raster  map  _l_a_t_i_n  with
       interpolated  latitude  values  or,  for smaller areas, a single region
       latitude value _l_a_t can be used instead. All input raster maps  must  be
       floating point (FCELL) raster maps. Null data in maps are excluded from
       the computation (and also speeding-up the computation), so each	output
       raster  map  will  contain  null  data  in cells according to all input
       raster maps. The user can use r.null command to create/reset null  file
       for your input raster maps.

       The  specified  day  _d_a_y  is  the number of the day of the general year
       where January 1 is day no.1 and December 31 is 365. Time _t_i_m_e must be a
       local  (solar)  time  (i.e.  NOT a zone time, e.g. GMT, CET) in decimal
       system, e.g. 7.5 (= 7h 30m A.M.), 16.1 = 4h 6m P.M..

       Setting the solar declination _d_e_c_l_i_n by user is an option  to  override
       the value computed by the internal routine for the day of the year. The
       value of geographical latitude can be set as a constant for  the  whole
       computed  region  or,  as an option, a grid representing spatially dis-
       tributed values over a large region. The geographical latitude must  be
       also in decimal system with positive values for northern hemisphere and
       negative for southern one.  In similar principle  the  Linke  turbidity
       factor (_l_i_n_k_e_i_n, _l_i_n ) and ground albedo (_a_l_b_e_d_o, _a_l_b) can be set.

       Besides	clear-sky  radiations,	user  can compute a real-sky radiation
       (beam, diffuse) using _c_o_e_f_b_h and _c_o_e_f_d_h input raster maps defining  the
       fraction  of the respective clear-sky radiations reduced by atmospheric
       factors (e.g. cloudiness). Usually these coefficients can  be  obtained
       from a long-terms meteorological measurements.

       The  solar  irradiation	or irradiance raster maps _b_e_a_m___r_a_d, _d_i_f_f___r_a_d ,
       _r_e_f_l___r_a_d are computed for a given day _d_a_y_, latitude _l_a_t _(_l_a_t_i_n_)_, eleva-
       tion  _e_l_e_v_i_n,  slope _s_l_o_p_e_i_n and aspect _a_s_p_i_n raster files. The program
       uses the Linke atmosphere turbidity factor and  ground  albedo  coeffi-
       cient.  A  default, single value of Linke factor is _l_i_n=3.0 and is near
       the annual average for rural-city areas. The Linke factor for an  abso-
       lutely clear atmosphere is _l_i_n=1.0. See notes below to learn more about
       this factor. The incidence solar angle is the angle between horizon and
       solar  beam vector. The solar radiation maps for given day are computed
       integrating the relevant irradiance between sunrise  and  sunset  times
       for  given  day.  The user can set finer or coarser time step _s_t_e_p used
       for all-day radiation calculations. A default  value  of  _s_t_e_p  is  0.5
       hour. Larger steps (e.g. 1.0-2.0) can speed-up calculations but produce
       less reliable results. The output units are in Wh per squared meter per
       given  day  [Wh/(m*m)/day]. The incidence angle and irradiance/irradia-
       tion maps can be computed without  shadowing  influence	of  relief  by
       default	or they can be computed with this influence using the flag _-_s.
       In mountainous areas this can lead to very different results! The  user
       should  be aware that taken into account the shadowing effect of relief
       can slow down the speed of computing especially when the  sun  altitude
       is  low.   When considering shadowing effect (flag _-_s) speed and preci-
       sion computing can be controlled by a parameter _d_i_s_t which defines  the
       sampling  density at which the visibility of a grid cell is computed in
       the direction of a path of the solar flow. It also defines  the	method
       by  which  the obstacle's altitude is computed. When choosing _d_i_s_t less
       than 1.0 (i.e. sampling points will be computed at _d_i_s_t * cellsize dis-
       tance),	r.sun takes altitude from the nearest grid point. Values above
       1.0 will use the maximum altitude value found in  the  nearest  4  sur-
       rounding grid points. The default value _d_i_s_t=1.0 should give reasonable
       results for most cases (e.g.  on DEM). _D_i_s_t value defines a multiplying
       coefficient  for sampling distance. This basic sampling distance equals
       to the arithmetic average of both cell sizes. The reasonable values are
       in  the	range  0.5-1.5.  The values below 0.5 will decrease and values
       above 1.0 will increase the computing speed. Values  greater  than  2.0
       may  produce  estimates with lower accuracy in highly dissected relief.
       The fully shadowed areas are written to the ouput maps as zero  values.
       Areas with NULL data are considered as no barrier with shadowing effect
       .

       The text file _r_._s_u_n___o_u_t_._t_x_t is  generated  with	the  following	listed
       parameters used in the computation:

       - Solar constant 1367 W.m-2

       -  Extraterrestrial  irradiance	on  a plane perpendicular to the solar
       beam [W.m-2]

       - Day of the year

       - Declination [radians]

       - Decimal hour (Alternative 1 only)

       - Sunrise and sunset (min-max) over a horizontal plane

       - Daylight lengths

       - Geographical latitude (min-max)

       - Linke turbidity factor (min-max)

       - Ground albedo (min-max)

       The user can use a nice shellcript with variable day to compute	radia-
       tion  for some time interval within the year (e.g. vegetation or winter
       period). Elevation, aspect and slope input values should not be reclas-
       sified into coarser categories. This could lead to incorrect results.

OOPPTTIIOONNSS
       The  user  can  run  this program either interactively or non- interac-
       tively. The program will be run non-interactively if the user specifies
       program arguments and flag settings on the command line using the form:

       r.sun   [-s]   elevin=name   aspin=name	 slopein=name	[linkein=name]
       [lin=value]    [albedo=name]   [alb=value]   [latin=name]   [lat=value]
       [coefbh=name]	[coefdh=name]	 [incidout=name]     [insol_time=name]
       [beam_rad=name]	[diff_rad=name] [refl_rad=name] day=value [step=value]
       [declin=value] [time=value] [dist=value]

       Alternately, the user can simply type _r_._s_u_n on the command line without
       program	arguments. In this case, the user will be prompted for parame-
       ter values using the standard GRASS parser interface. Currently,  there
       are  two  modes	of r.sun.  In the first mode it calculates solar inci-
       dence angle and solar irradiance raster maps using the set local  time.
       In  the second mode daily sums of solar irradiation [kWh.m-2.day-1] are
       computed for a specified day.

   FFllaagg::
	--ss takes into account the shadowing effect of relief


   PPaarraammeetteerrss::
	eelleevviinn=name
	   Use the existing raster file with elevationsname as input [metres].

	aassppiinn=name
	   Use	the  existing  raster file with aspectname as input (aspect or
	   azimuth of the solar panel) [decimal degrees].

	ssllooppeeiinn=name
	   Use the existing raster file with slopename as input  (slope  angle
	   or solar panel inclination raster file) [decimal degrees].

	lliinnkkeeiinn=name
	   Use	the existing raster file with Linke atmospheric turbidity fac-
	   tor [-].

	lliinn=val
	   Set the single value of  the  Linke	atmospheric  turbidity	factor
	   (default: 3.0).

	aallbbeeddoo=name
	   Use the existing raster file with ground albedo raster file [-].

	aallbb=val
	   Set the single value of the ground albedo (default: 0.2).

	llaattiinn=name
	   Use	the  existing  raster  file with.latitude raster file [decimal
	   degrees].

	llaatt=name
	   Set the single value of latitude [decimal degrees] to val.

	ccooeeffbbhh=name
	   The real-sky beam radiation coefficient file.

	ccooeeffddhh=name
	   The real-sky diffuse radiation coefficient file.

	iinncciiddoouutt=name
	   Output solar incidence angle raster file [decimal degrees] (mode  1
	   only).

	iinnssooll__ttiimmee=name
	   Output  time  duration  of  the beam irradiation raster file [min.]
	   (mode 2 only).

	   beam_rad=name" 4m Output beam irradiance [W.m-2] (mode 1) or  irra-
	   diation raster file [Wh.m-2.day-1] (mode 2).

	   diff_rad=name"  4m  Output  diffuse	irradiance [W.m-2] (mode 1) or
	   irradiation raster file [Wh.m-2.day-1] (mode 2).

	   refl_rad=name" 4m Output ground reflected irradiance [W.m-2]  (mode
	   1) or irradiation raster file [Wh.m-2.day-1] (mode 2).

	   day=val" 4m Set the number of day of the year [1-365] to val.

       sstteepp=val
	   Set	the  time  step  when  computing radiation daily sums [decimal
	   hours] (default 0.5 hour) to val.

       ddeecclliinn=val
	   Set the  declination  value	(overriding  the  internally  computed
	   value) [radians] to val.

       ttiimmee=val
	   Set	the decimal value of local (solar) time [decimal hours] (to be
	   set for mode 1 only) to val.

       ddiisstt=val
	   Set the step coefficient defining the sampling  distance  (0.2-1.5)
	   in relative values of a cell size to val (default: 1.0).

NNOOTTEESS
       Solar  energy  is an important input parameter in different models con-
       cerning energy  industry,  landscape,  vegetation,  evapotranspiration,
       snowmelt  or  remote  sensing.  Solar  rays incidence angle maps can be
       effectively used in radiometric and topographic	corrections  in  moun-
       tainous	and hilly terrain where very accurate investigations should be
       performed.


       The clear-sky solar radiation model applied in the r.sun  is  based  on
       the  work  undertaken for development of European Solar Radiation Atlas
       (Scharmer and Greif 2000, Page et al. 2001, Rigollier 2001). The  clear
       sky model estimates the global radiation from the sum of its beam, dif-
       fuse and reflected components.  The main difference between solar radi-
       ation  models  for  inclined surfaces in Europe is the treatment of the
       diffuse component. In the European climate this component is often  the
       largest	source	of  estimation	error.	Taking	into consideration the
       existing models and their limitation the European Solar Radiation Atlas
       team  selected  the  Muneer  (1990) model as it has a sound theoretical
       basis and thus more potential for later improvement.


       Details of underlying equations used in this program can  be  found  in
       the  reference  literature cited below or book published by Neteler and
       Mitasova: Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach	(published  in	Kluwer
       Academic Publishers in 2002).


       Average	monthly  values  of the Linke turbidity coefficient for a mild
       climate (see reference literature for your study area):
       mountains  1.5  1.6  1.8  1.9  2.0  2.3	2.3  2.3  2.1  1.8   1.6   1.5
       1.90   <br>rural       2.1  2.2	2.5  2.9  3.2  3.4  3.5  3.3  2.9  2.6
       2.3  2.2  2.75  <br>city       3.1  3.2	3.5  4.0  4.2  4.3   4.4   4.3
       4.0   3.6   3.3	3.1  3.75  <br>industrial 4.1  4.3  4.7  5.3  5.5  5.7
       5.8  5.7  5.3  4.9  4.5	4.2  5.00


       It should by noted that _r_._s_u_n
       currently uses a lot  of  memory,  some	improvements  are  under  way.
       Planned
       improvements  may includes the use of SOLPOS algorithm for solar geome-
       try
       calculations and internal computation of aspect and slope.


SSEEEE AALLSSOO
       s.surf.rst,
       r.slope.aspect,
       r.sunmask,
       g.projinfo,
       r.null


AAUUTTHHOORRSS
       Jaroslav Hofierka, GeoModel, s.r.o. Bratislava, Slovakia


       Marcel Suri, GeoModel, s.r.o. Bratislava, Slovakia


       (C) 2002, Jaroslav Hofierka, Marcel Suri
       <address>
       hofierka@geomodel.sk
       suri@geomodel.sk


RREEFFEERREENNCCEESS
       Hofierka, J., Suri, M. (2002):  The  solar  radiation  model  for  Open
       source
       GIS:  implementation  and  applications.  Manuscript  submitted	to the
       International
       GRASS users conference in Trento, Italy, September 2002.


       Hofierka, J. (1997). Direct solar radiation modelling  within  an  open
       GIS
       environment.  Proceedings  of  JEC-GI'97 conference in Vienna, Austria,
       IOS
       Press Amsterdam, 575-584.


       Jenco, M. (1992). Distribution of direct solar radiation  on  georelief
       and
       its modelling by means of complex digital model of terrain (in Slovak).
       Geograficky
       casopis, 44, 342-355.


       Kasten, F. (1996). The Linke turbidity factor based on improved	values
       of
       the integral Rayleigh optical thickness. Solar Energy, 56 (3), 239-244.


       Kasten, F., Young, A. T. (1989). Revised optical air  mass  tables  and
       approximation
       formula. Applied Optics, 28, 4735-4738.


       Kittler, R., Mikler, J. (1986): Basis of the utilization of solar radi-
       ation
       (in Slovak). VEDA, Bratislava, p. 150.


       Krcho, J. (1990). Morphometric analysis and digital  models  of	geore-
       lief. VEDA,
       Bratislava (in Slovak).


       Muneer,	T. (1990). Solar radiation model for Europe. Building services
       engineering
       research and technology, 11, 4, 153-163.


       Neteler, M.,  Mitasova,	H.  (2002):  Open  Source  GIS:  A  GRASS  GIS
       Approach, Kluwer
       Academic Publishers.


       Page,  J.  ed.  (1986).	Prediction of solar radiation on inclined sur-
       faces. Solar
       energy R&D in the European Community, series F &#8211; Solar  radiation
       data,
       Dordrecht (D. Reidel), 3, 71, 81-83.


       Page,  J., Albuisson, M., Wald, L. (2001). The European solar radiation
       atlas:
       a valuable digital tool. Solar Energy, 71, 81-83.


       Rigollier, Ch., Bauer, O., Wald, L. (2000). On the clear sky  model  of
       the
       ESRA  -	European  Solar radiation Atlas - with respect to the Heliosat
       method.
       Solar energy, 68, 33-48.


       Scharmer, K., Greif, J., eds., (2000).  The  European  solar  radiation
       atlas,
       Vol.  2:  Database  and	exploitation  software.  Paris (Les Presses de
       l&#8217; &Eacute;cole
       des Mines).


       _L_a_s_t _c_h_a_n_g_e_d_: _$_D_a_t_e_: _2_0_0_3_/_0_8_/_2_0 _0_8_:_1_0_:_1_3 _$




GRASS 5.0							      r.sun(1)
