OS and JEDGAR | Appendix A |

### The Story of Mel

This was posted to Usenet by its author, Ed Nather (<nather@astro.as.utexas.edu>), on May 21, 1983.

    A recent article devoted to the macho side of programming
    made the bald and unvarnished statement:

        Real Programmers write in FORTRAN.

    Maybe they do now,
    in this decadent era of
    Lite beer, hand calculators, and ``user-friendly'' software
    but back in the Good Old Days,
    when the term ``software'' sounded funny
    and Real Computers were made out of drums and vacuum tubes,
    Real Programmers wrote in machine code.
    Not FORTRAN.  Not RATFOR.  Not, even, assembly language.
    Machine Code.
    Raw, unadorned, inscrutable hexadecimal numbers.
    Directly.

    Lest a whole new generation of programmers
    grow up in ignorance of this glorious past,
    I feel duty-bound to describe,
    as best I can through the generation gap,
    how a Real Programmer wrote code.
    I'll call him Mel,
    because that was his name.

    I first met Mel when I went to work for Royal McBee Computer Corp.,
    a now-defunct subsidiary of the typewriter company.
    The firm manufactured the LGP-30,
    a small, cheap (by the standards of the day)
    drum-memory computer,
    and had just started to manufacture
    the RPC-4000, a much-improved,
    bigger, better, faster --- drum-memory computer.
    Cores cost too much,
    and weren't here to stay, anyway.
    (That's why you haven't heard of the company,
    or the computer.)

    I had been hired to write a FORTRAN compiler
    for this new marvel and Mel was my guide to its wonders.
    Mel didn't approve of compilers.

    ``If a program can't rewrite its own code'',
    he asked, ``what good is it?''

    Mel had written,
    in hexadecimal,
    the most popular computer program the company owned.
    It ran on the LGP-30
    and played blackjack with potential customers
    at computer shows.
    Its effect was always dramatic.
    The LGP-30 booth was packed at every show,
    and the IBM salesmen stood around
    talking to each other.
    Whether or not this actually sold computers
    was a question we never discussed.

    Mel's job was to re-write
    the blackjack program for the RPC-4000.
    (Port?  What does that mean?)
    The new computer had a one-plus-one
    addressing scheme,
    in which each machine instruction,
    in addition to the operation code
    and the address of the needed operand,
    had a second address that indicated where, on the revolving drum,
    the next instruction was located.

    In modern parlance,
    every single instruction was followed by a GO TO!
    Put that in Pascal's pipe and smoke it.

    Mel loved the RPC-4000
    because he could optimize his code:
    that is, locate instructions on the drum
    so that just as one finished its job,
    the next would be just arriving at the ``read head''
    and available for immediate execution.
    There was a program to do that job,
    an ``optimizing assembler'',
    but Mel refused to use it.

    ``You never know where it's going to put things'',
    he explained, ``so you'd have to use separate constants''.

    It was a long time before I understood that remark.
    Since Mel knew the numerical value
    of every operation code,
    and assigned his own drum addresses,
    every instruction he wrote could also be considered
    a numerical constant.
    He could pick up an earlier ``add'' instruction, say,
    and multiply by it,
    if it had the right numeric value.
    His code was not easy for someone else to modify.

    I compared Mel's hand-optimized programs
    with the same code massaged by the optimizing assembler program,
    and Mel's always ran faster.
    That was because the ``top-down'' method of program design
    hadn't been invented yet,
    and Mel wouldn't have used it anyway.
    He wrote the innermost parts of his program loops first,
    so they would get first choice
    of the optimum address locations on the drum.
    The optimizing assembler wasn't smart enough to do it that way.

    Mel never wrote time-delay loops, either,
    even when the balky Flexowriter
    required a delay between output characters to work right.
    He just located instructions on the drum
    so each successive one was just past the read head
    when it was needed;
    the drum had to execute another complete revolution
    to find the next instruction.
    He coined an unforgettable term for this procedure.
    Although ``optimum'' is an absolute term,
    like ``unique'', it became common verbal practice
    to make it relative:
    ``not quite optimum'' or ``less optimum''
    or ``not very optimum''.
    Mel called the maximum time-delay locations
    the ``most pessimum''.

    After he finished the blackjack program
    and got it to run
    (``Even the initializer is optimized'',
    he said proudly),
    he got a Change Request from the sales department.
    The program used an elegant (optimized)
    random number generator
    to shuffle the ``cards'' and deal from the ``deck'',
    and some of the salesmen felt it was too fair,
    since sometimes the customers lost.
    They wanted Mel to modify the program
    so, at the setting of a sense switch on the console,
    they could change the odds and let the customer win.

    Mel balked.
    He felt this was patently dishonest,
    which it was,
    and that it impinged on his personal integrity as a programmer,
    which it did,
    so he refused to do it.
    The Head Salesman talked to Mel,
    as did the Big Boss and, at the boss's urging,
    a few Fellow Programmers.
    Mel finally gave in and wrote the code,
    but he got the test backwards,
    and, when the sense switch was turned on,
    the program would cheat, winning every time.
    Mel was delighted with this,
    claiming his subconscious was uncontrollably ethical,
    and adamantly refused to fix it.

    After Mel had left the company for greener pa$ture$,
    the Big Boss asked me to look at the code
    and see if I could find the test and reverse it.
    Somewhat reluctantly, I agreed to look.
    Tracking Mel's code was a real adventure.

    I have often felt that programming is an art form,
    whose real value can only be appreciated
    by another versed in the same arcane art;
    there are lovely gems and brilliant coups
    hidden from human view and admiration, sometimes forever,
    by the very nature of the process.
    You can learn a lot about an individual
    just by reading through his code,
    even in hexadecimal.
    Mel was, I think, an unsung genius.

    Perhaps my greatest shock came
    when I found an innocent loop that had no test in it.
    No test.  None.
    Common sense said it had to be a closed loop,
    where the program would circle, forever, endlessly.
    Program control passed right through it, however,
    and safely out the other side.
    It took me two weeks to figure it out.

    The RPC-4000 computer had a really modern facility
    called an index register.
    It allowed the programmer to write a program loop
    that used an indexed instruction inside;
    each time through,
    the number in the index register
    was added to the address of that instruction,
    so it would refer
    to the next datum in a series.
    He had only to increment the index register
    each time through.
    Mel never used it.

    Instead, he would pull the instruction into a machine register,
    add one to its address,
    and store it back.
    He would then execute the modified instruction
    right from the register.
    The loop was written so this additional execution time
    was taken into account ---
    just as this instruction finished,
    the next one was right under the drum's read head,
    ready to go.
    But the loop had no test in it.

    The vital clue came when I noticed
    the index register bit,
    the bit that lay between the address
    and the operation code in the instruction word,
    was turned on ---
    yet Mel never used the index register,
    leaving it zero all the time.
    When the light went on it nearly blinded me.

    He had located the data he was working on
    near the top of memory ---
    the largest locations the instructions could address ---
    so, after the last datum was handled,
    incrementing the instruction address
    would make it overflow.
    The carry would add one to the
    operation code, changing it to the next one in the instruction set:
    a jump instruction.
    Sure enough, the next program instruction was
    in address location zero,
    and the program went happily on its way.

    I haven't kept in touch with Mel,
    so I don't know if he ever gave in to the flood of
    change that has washed over programming techniques
    since those long-gone days.
    I like to think he didn't.
    In any event,
    I was impressed enough that I quit looking for the
    offending test,
    telling the Big Boss I couldn't find it.
    He didn't seem surprised.

    When I left the company,
    the blackjack program would still cheat
    if you turned on the right sense switch,
    and I think that's how it should be.
    I didn't feel comfortable
    hacking up the code of a Real Programmer.

This is one of hackerdom's great heroic epics, free verse or no. In a few spare images it captures more about the esthetics and psychology of hacking than all the scholarly volumes on the subject put together. For an opposing point of view, see the entry for Real Programmer.

[1992 postscript -- the author writes: "The original submission to the net was not in free verse, nor any approximation to it -- it was straight prose style, in non-justified paragraphs. In bouncing around the net it apparently got modified into the `free verse' form now popular. In other words, it got hacked on the net. That seems appropriate, somehow." The author adds that he likes the `free-verse' version better than his prose original...]

[1999 update: Mel's last name is now known. The manual for the LGP-30 refers to "Mel Kaye of Royal McBee who did the bulk of the programming [...] of the ACT 1 system".]

[2001: The Royal McBee LPG-30 turns out to have one other claim to fame. It turns out that meteorologist Edward Lorenz was doing weather simulations on an LGP-30 when, in 1961, he discovered the "Butterfly Theorem" and computational chaos. This seems, somehow, appropriate.]

[2002: A copy of the programming manual for the LGP-30 lives at http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/lgp-30-man.html]

OS and JEDGAR | Appendix A |